African Journal of Advanced Pure and Applied Sciences (AJAPAS)

Searching for the Optimum Operating Conditions for Methanol Synthesis Reactor Separator Loop by Using Genetic Algorithms

Saleem Fathi — 2025-10-06

abstract

User Tasks on Search Engines vs. Social Platforms: Design Implications

Anwar Alhenshiri — 2025-10-06

The study presented in this paper compares search engines and social networking platforms in supporting five common online tasks. Using a within-subject design with twenty-five participants, results revealed that search engines are more effective for factual, goal-oriented tasks, while social platforms better support opinion-based and socially driven activities. Users spent more time and interacted more on social networks, indicating a more exploratory approach. The findings highlight the importance of aligning platform choice with task type and suggest opportunities for hybrid systems that combine both platforms’ strengths. The study produced recommendations for the design and implementation of future tasks identification tools in addition to hybrid search interfaces.

Assessment of Wetland Dynamics Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques: A Case Study of Sabkhat Tawergha

Miftah Ali Alsayd — 2025-10-07

Digital data obtained from satellites plays a pivotal role in understanding the nature of terrain and monitoring environmental changes, especially in coastal wetlands. Using this data, various maps can be produced to analyze and track environmental shifts over long periods. As a signatory to the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, Libya is home to several such sites, with the Tawergha Sebkha standing out as a location of major ecological significance. This sebkha is characterized by its biodiversity and serves as a vital resting point for migratory and endangered birds.

However, shifting land-use patterns have increased environmental pressure on the sebkha, leading to a gradual reduction in its area. Therefore, this study employed Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) technologies to monitor environmental changes in the region. The analysis relied on five satellite images from the Landsat satellite (versions 5 and 8) for the years 1990, 2000, 2010, 2020, and 2024, which were obtained from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). These images were processed and analyzed using the ArcGIS 10.8 software.

The results showed that the sebkha's area significantly decreased from 885.1 km² in 1990 to 737.363 km² in 2024. The total reduction over this period was 147.737 km², reflecting a substantial loss caused by increasing environmental pressures such as climate change and human activities, including land reclamation, dredging, urban expansion, and the conversion of some areas into waste dumps.

Leading international models and patterns in the use of renewable energies

Ahmed Ali Owainy — 2025-10-07

This study covers policies and leading experiences around the world for international renewable energy models and approaches. The most prominent of these models is the German model (Energiewende), which aims for a comprehensive transition from fossil fuels and nuclear power to renewable energy. German policy focused on providing significant financial support for these projects through feed-in tariffs and local community participation in energy projects. More than 40% of electricity generated from renewable sources (2023) and the development of a national solar and wind energy industry. The Danish model focused on wind energy, with features including more than 50% of electricity generated from wind power, smart grids and advanced storage, and strong community participation in wind projects. The strategy pursued in the Chinese model was to be an industrial leader in renewable energy technology production, and policies supported local manufacturing of solar energy and batteries. Clear objectives were included in five-year plans. Results: China is the largest producer and user of solar and wind energy globally. Huge investments in super grids. The Moroccan model focused on solar and wind energy. The Noor Solar Energy Project: one of the largest in the world. National strategy: achieving 52% of electricity from renewable sources by 2030. The Indian model: Motivation: Energy demand and air pollution. Policies: Mega-solar energy projects (e.g., Rewa). Support for financing and infrastructure. Goals: 500 gigawatts of renewable energy by 2030.

Effect of Planting Distance and Harvest Date on Some Morphological Characteristics of Pea Crop (Pisum sativum L. var. Douce provence)

Aisha Ellafi — 2025-10-07

This study was conducted at the National Center for Multiplication and Marketing of Improved Seeds, Sidi Al- Masry, Tripoli, Libya. To study the effects of planting distances between plants within a single line (10, 20, and 30 cm) and early and late harvest dates and the interaction between them on some morphological characteristics of pea crop. Pisum sativum var. Douce provence. According to the design of Completely Randomized Blocks (R. C. B. D) with three replications, examining two factors planting distance and harvest date early and late. The measured traits included plant height, final node number, branch number, pod number, seed number per pod, and pod length. The results of research showed that increasing the planting distances between plants from 10 to 30 cmled significantly (P≤0.01) to an increase in the average number of branches, pods and seeds per plant, which were 3.4 branches/plant, 19.4 pods/plant,101.3 seeds/plant, respectively. The results showed that the planting distances had a significant effect on the average plant height and length of one pod, as the highest plant height was reached of 10cm, which was 62.0cm, while the longest pod was reached at longest pod was reached at a distance of 30cm, which was 7.3cm. The results showed that the planting distance between plants did not have any significant effect on the average number of seeds per pod, pod width, and number of terminal nodes per plant, while the harvest date had a significant effect on the average number of branches and pods and plant heigher at late harvest 3.4 branches/plant,16.2 pods/plant and 69.3 cm compared to early harvest respectively

Health Risks and Economic Opportunities of Practices Reusing Wastewater in Agriculture: An Overview

Adel S. Faskol — 2025-10-07

The practice of reusing wastewater in agriculture is widespread all over the world. However, there are also raised concerns regarding these practices that may cause negative impacts on human health and the environment. The overall objective of this literature review is to synthesize current evidence and possible future knowledge on health risks and economic opportunities associated with wastewater reuse practices in agriculture, the basic design of this study focusing on a literature review of the 10 open-access studies published in the ScienceDirect database over the past five years, from 2020 to 2025. And it highlights two subjects: "Health Risks", which is the scope of the excreted pathogens (bacteria, viruses, and parasites) and their contamination pathways into the food chain via irrigated crops. And "Economic Opportunities", which is the scope of nutrient provisioning that enhances crop yield. The results of this literature review conclude that practices reusing untreated or partially treated wastewater in agriculture cause increased loads of pathogens. While advanced treatment can produce safe treated wastewater in agriculture. However, the high economic cost of advanced treatment often renders them impractical in low-income countries. To satisfy health targets beside those related to excreta diseases, there must be an integration of realistic treatment levels, stringent regulatory frameworks, farmer education, and targeted crop selection. All these procedures are considered very important to maximize the economic opportunities of reusing wastewater in agriculture and human health safety and environmental protection.

Study on the Effect of busing Road milling waste as a partial Replacement for Coarse Aggregate on the Compressive Strength and Workability of Concrete

Dr. Naji Amhimmid Salih — 2025-10-07

The study investigates the effect of partially replacing coarse aggregate with asphalt milling byproduct on the properties of concrete mixtures. Several replacement ratios ranging from 0% up to 50% were tested, measuring slump (mm) and average compressive strength at 7 and 28 days. Results indicated that increasing the replacement ratio led to a gradual reduction in slump, decreasing from 90 mm at 0% replacement to 40 mm at 50% replacement. A continuous decline in compressive strength was also observed at both 7 and 28 days, dropping from 21 MPa and 31 MPa to 13 MPa and 18.5 MPa, respectively, with higher replacement percentages. The study concludes that using asphalt milling byproduct as a partial replacement for coarse aggregate reduces compressive strength and durability of the concrete mixture, while increasing slump loss. Therefore, precise control of replacement ratios is essential to optimize concrete performance and minimize adverse effects.

Microwave Breast Imaging for Cancer Detection: Progress,Challenges and Future Prospects

Alham Monir Algomly — 2025-10-08

Breast cancer remains one of the most common and life-threatening diseases worldwide. Standard diagnostic techniques such as mammography, ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), and positron emission tomography (PET) have provided important clinical benefits but are often limited by high cost, exposure to ionizing radiation, or reduced performance in dense breast tissue. Microwave breast imaging (MBI) has recently gained attention as a safe, non-ionizing, cost-effective, and patient-friendly approach. This paper reviews the latest advances in MBI, focusing on dielectric property characterization, antenna technologies, and imaging methodologies. Current barriers—including computational complexity, safety constraints, and limited clinical validation—are discussed. The review concludes with future research priorities such as algorithmic improvement, hybrid imaging frameworks, and large-scale clinical trials that may accelerate the clinical adoption of MBI.

Towards a Distance Learning Strategy for Architectural Design Subjects: Case Study, Department of Architecture, University of Tripoli

Dr. Mariam M. T. Shibub — 2025-10-09

Distance education was officially and suddenly imposed at all educational levels in Libya, especially in university education, in 2020 due to the spread of the COVID-19 virus. The Department of Architecture at the University of Tripoli encountered many challenges during the spread of the coronavirus (2019-2020) due to the specific nature of teaching its subjects, especially architectural design subjects, which require direct contact between all elements of the educational process (professor, students, and scientific material) inside the design studio. The most prominent problem was how to communicate, discuss, and evaluate the architectural projects given during the two semesters (Spring 2020 - Fall 2020-2021). This research paper aims to investigate how distance education can be adopted as a tool for architectural education in Libyan universities. Therefore, the main question was raised: What is the extent of the possibility of adopting distance learning in architecture departments at Libyan universities? To answer this question and others, a descriptive-analytical methodology was adopted to collect information about the history of distance education in architectural education. In addition, the questionnaire tool was used to investigate the opinions of students and professors about distance education and its effectiveness in teaching architectural design subjects, to come up with an effective strategy and recommendations that may help adopt the distance learning method as part of the learning process in architectural education in architecture departments in Libyan universities.

A Comparative Study of Machine Learning and Deep Learning Models for Early Detection of Parkinson's Disease Using Voice Features

Abdusamea Omer — 2025-10-11

The early detection of Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a critical challenge, especially since vocal changes often emerge as an early, non-invasive symptom. This study aims to evaluate and compare the performance of Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL) algorithms in classifying PD patients from healthy individuals, relying on a standardized set of quantifiable acoustic features (such as Jitter, Shimmer, HNR, and PPE). The CRISP-DM framework was adopted to ensure a robust and reliable methodology. Three distinct classification models were selected for comparison: Support Vector Machines (SVM) with an RBF kernel, Random Forest (RF), and a Deep Neural Network (DNN). The models were trained and evaluated using rigorous performance metrics pertinent to the medical context, including Accuracy, Recall, Precision, and F1-Score. The results, which will be discussed, demonstrate the identification of the most effective model in achieving a high balance between sensitivity and specificity, providing clear insights for developing non-invasive, AI-based diagnostic systems to aid in the early detection of Parkinson's Disease.

Comparative Analysis of Selected Heavy Metal Concentrations in Cucumbers Cultivated Inside and Outside Greenhouses in Randomly Selected Farms West of Tripoli

Zahrah S. Ghoulah — 2025-10-12

This study aimed to determine the concentrations of selected heavy metals (lead, cadmium, and chromium) in cucumber samples produced in greenhouses and open-field farms west of Tripoli, Libya. Using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (FAAS) The results for naturally grown (open-filed) cucumbers were compared with those from greenhouse cultivation. Furthermore, the concentrations were compared against the maximum permissible limits set by Libyan and international standards, expressed in mg/kg of fresh weight. The study also investigated the relationship between the cultivation method, geographical variations, and their impact on the concentrations of these elements in the cucumber samples. A total of 20 cucumber samples were randomly collected from several farms extending from Janzur to Sabratha (12 from greenhouses and 8 from open fields). The samples were stored in plastic bags and subsequently digested using concentrated nitric acid (65%).The elemental concentrations were measured using FAAS. The results revealed high concentrations of lead (Pb), with an average of 0.440 mg/kg in open-field cucumbers and 0.641 mg/kg in greenhouse cucumbers (fresh weight). These levels exceed the maximum permissible limit of 0.1 mg/kg established by both Libyan and international standards. For chromium (Cr), the average concentration was 0.130 mg/kg in open-field cucumbers and 0.192 mg/kg in greenhouse cucumbers. These concentrations are below the international maximum allowable limit (0.5 mg/kg), noting that no specific Libyan standard exists for chromium in vegetables. Regarding cadmium (Cd), its concentrations in all samples were below the instrument's limit of detection (<0.01 mg/L).

The Effects of Climate Change on Geological Structures in coastline Regions

Mohamed Khalifa Hassen Musa — 2025-10-12

Climate change is reshaping coastal zones by altering geomorphology and undermining geological stability. This article synthesizes evidence on three interlinked pathways—coastal erosion, seawater intrusion, and geohazard amplification—and explains how sea-level rise, intensifying storms, and anthropogenic pressure accelerate shoreline retreat, topsoil loss, and habitat degradation. We show that salinization of coastal aquifers reduces freshwater availability, degrades soil structure, and compromises agricultural output and critical infrastructure, thereby heightening risks of landslides, liquefaction, and structural failure. Cross-regional cases from the Niger Delta, Pakistan, and the Mediterranean demonstrate both the breadth of these impacts and the local specificities that shape exposure and vulnerability. The paper also evaluates intervention options spanning hard-engineering works, groundwater control, and GIS-supported risk mapping, alongside nature-based measures such as mangrove and wetland restoration. Finally, we outline adaptation and policy priorities to safeguard ecosystems and settlements, arguing for integrated coastal management that couples spatial planning with scenario-led monitoring to build resilience under ongoing climatic change.

Performance Analysis of Data Compression using Two-Dimensional Wavelet Tool

Awatif Ali — 2025-10-12

This study conducts a comparative investigation of several image compression techniques, namely WDR, ASWDR, STW, SPIHT, and EZW, with particular emphasis on the impact of wavelet filter orders, image content, and compression ratios on compression efficiency. The evaluation framework employs objective performance metrics, including Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR), Mean Squared Error (MSE), and Bits Per Pixel (BPP), derived from the reconstructed images. Experimental validation was carried out using four standard benchmark images, thereby providing a rigorous assessment of the effectiveness and relative performance of the examined algorithms.

The Influence of pH, Acidity, and Sugar Content on the Taste and Quality of Tomato Paste

Najat M. Aburas — 2025-10-15

This study reviewed some of the chemical and physical properties of twenty tomato paste samples, measuring pH, total titratable acidity, and sugar content as quality and safety criteria. Twenty commercial samples were analyzed using standard methods, including titration, a pH meter, and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Most samples yielded results within the permissible limits of pH ≤ 4.6, with the exception of three samples that exceeded this limit, increasing the potential for the growth of some microbes, such as Clostridium botulinum. The total acidity resulting from titration ranged between 32,698 and 44,810 mg/kg, which remains below the maximum permissible limit of 7% (70,000 mg/kg). The sugar content showed significant variation, with 15 samples exceeding the permissible limit of 12 mg/kg, indicating the potential for sugar addition during manufacturing and processing.

The study emphasizes the need for strict regulation and monitoring of pH, sugar content, and the use of advanced analytical methods, such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), to enhance quality control and consumer protection.

Management of irrigation levels and injected fertilization and its effect on the growth and productivity of tomato crops inside greenhouses

Rehab Mohammed Arbi Altawati — 2025-10-15

A field experiment was conducted during the winter growing season on October 21, 2024, inside a protected greenhouse (plastic tunnel) to investigate the effects of irrigation levels (100%, 75%, and 50% of the calculated crop evapotranspiration, ETc) and fertigation treatments (three NPK combinations) on the vegetative growth and yield of tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L.).

The experiment was laid out in a factorial arrangement using a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Measurements included stem diameter, leaf count, number of floral clusters, fruit count per plant, and yield per hectare.

The results revealed that full irrigation (100% ETc) combined with balanced fertigation (F1) resulted in the highest values for stem diameter, leaf number, floral cluster count, fruit number per plant, and maximum yield (85.76 tons/ha). In contrast, reducing irrigation to 50% ETc along with low-level fertigation led to a statistically

These findings underscore that applying balanced NPK fertigation in conjunction with optimal irrigation
(100% ETc) represents the most effective strategy for achieving vigorous growth and high productivity
of tomatoes under greenhouse conditions

Challenges of E-Examination Adoption and the Role of Block chain in Enhancing Security and Trust: A Field Study at the Faculty of Science, Gharyan– Libya

Howida Fathi Almalaoushi — 2025-10-18

In recent years, higher education has witnessed a significant shift toward digital environments, with e-exams becoming an essential tool for academic assessment due to their speed, efficiency, and reduced administrative burdens. However, the adoption of e-exams in Libyan educational institutions, particularly at the Faculty of Science in Gharyan, still faces challenges stemming from technical, organizational, and human factors. This study aimed to explore the main challenges hindering the implementation of e-exams and analyze the potential role of blockchain technology in enhancing security and reliability. A descriptive methodology was employed, with data collected through a questionnaire distributed to faculty members. Results revealed that the most significant barriers included weak ICT infrastructure, a lack of administrative and technical support, and the absence of reliable and user-friendly e-exam systems. Additional challenges included unclear policies, a lack of awareness of the benefits of e-exams, and concerns about cheating and technical glitches. On the other hand, individual factors, such as resistance to change and the difficulty of designing e-exams, showed a relatively smaller impact. The findings highlight the need for stronger infrastructure, ongoing training, and clear institutional policies as prerequisites for the successful adoption of e-exams. Furthermore, the integration of blockchain technology offers a promising solution by ensuring consistent exam records, secure student identity verification, and transparent assessment processes. The study concludes that developing more reliable and effective e-assessment systems in Libya requires collaboration between technical and Libyan educational institutions, with blockchain technology considered a strategic option for enhancing trust and security in higher education.

C3-Functionalized Benzothiophene Sulfone Derivatives: Synthesis and Antimicrobial Evaluation

Tariq Ahmed Gnaidi — 2025-10-18

This study presents a strategic synthetic approach to functionalize the traditionally unreactive C3 position of the benzothiophene core. A series of 3-chloro-N-(aryl)benzo[b]thiophene-2-carboxamides (2a–d) were synthesized in good to excellent yields (53–83%) via amidation of 3-chloro-2-chlorocarbonylbenzo[b]thiophene (1). Subsequent oxidation with hydrogen peroxide in acetic acid afforded the corresponding sulfone derivatives (3a–d), a transformation that reduced aromaticity and activated the C3 position. This activation enabled a nucleophilic aromatic substitution, where chlorine in sulfone 3b was replaced by ethylamine, isopropylamine, and diethylamine, yielding novel 3-aminobenzothiophene-1,1-dioxides (4a–c) in moderate yields (50–64%). All new compounds were fully characterized by IR, ¹H NMR, and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy. The synthesized derivatives were evaluated in vitro for antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis), Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa), and fungal strains (Candida albicans, Crysosporium pannical, Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus oryzae). While overall activities were slight to moderate compared with standard drugs, compounds 3a and 3b displayed a promising broad-spectrum profile.These findings establish an efficient and versatile methodology for accessing C3-functionalized benzothiophenes, providing a valuable foundation for the design of new lead structures against resistant microbes.

Using Artificial Intelligence in Engineering Project Management

Abdullah Elfirjani — 2025-10-18

This research aimed to determine the interaction and effects of AI applications in engineering project management on cost, time, risk, and resources. Focusing on survey data collected from project managers and engineers working in engineering firms currently implementing AI tools to accomplish construction project tasks, the study explores AI applications such as machine learning, predictive analytics, and natural language processing. The implementation and application of AI positively influence project performance by minimizing cost, scheduling issues, and resource allocation issues. This means that though there is potential for future cost reduction since the use of AI would require long-term costs to be reduced in the future, the initial costs of implementing AI and the costs incurred by employees in training are a hurdle. As implemented in the study, the AI tool application is aligned with benefits such as better cost, time control, and risk management for properly optimizing project resources. They also highlighted the regression analysis conclusions, which proved that cost reduction results from the AI tool usage and project complexity are still the main factors deciding the costs. Based on the findings, the following recommendations are offered to engineering firms to enhance the use of AI in the projects. First and foremost, engineering firms should allocate more resources towards training the human capital that will work on implementing AI within the company.

Impact of 5G Technology on IoT Networks Performance: An Analytical Study of information technology on Smart Cities

Ahmed Elstial — 2025-10-19

The rapid increase of using Internet of Things (IoT) devices in smart cities has created unusual demands for network infrastructure suited to support large connection, ultra-low latency, and high-throughput communications. This study shows a full analytical and fundamental impact of fifth generation (5G) wireless technology on IoT networks performance within smart city environments. Based on MATLAB simulations, theoretical analysis, critical performance measurements including latency minimization, throughput improvement, energy efficiency enhancement, and massive device connectivity capabilities were tested. The methodology used a multi- combining approach, network slicing optimization, massive Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) beamforming analysis, and edge computing combination estimating 5G's performance advantages over legacy 4G LTE systems. Simulation results show that 5G technology achieves impressive improvements in IoT network performance, with latency reductions of up to 79.4% (from 64ms to 13ms average), throughput enhancements reaching 1000 Mbps for enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB) applications, and energy efficiency gains of 74% compared to 4Gimplementations. The study shows that 5G's network slicing capabilities enable optimized resource allocation for verity IoT service types, with Ultra Reliable Low Latency Communications (URLLC) getting 99.999% reliability and massive Machine Type Communications (mMTC) supporting device densities up to 20,000 devices per square kilometer. As well as the analysis appears that 5G-enabled Multi Access Edge Computing (MEC) reduces data processing delays by 35% while maintaining seamless connectivity for time-critical smart city applications. These findings provide substantial evidence for 5G's role as a foundational technology for next-generation smart city infrastructure, enabling innovative IoT services in transportation, healthcare, environmental monitoring, and public safety domains.

Synthesis and reactions of methylene bi-anthranilic acid

Naowara Alarafi — 2025-10-19

Methylene bis anthranilic acid was synthesized by reacting anthranilic acid with formaldehyde in water at room temperature. The resulting compound was further treated with nitrous acid to form tetrazonium salts, which were then coupled with phenol and 2-naphthol to produce disazo derivatives. The structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed using spectral analysis (e.g., IR, NMR), and the desired products were successfully obtained.

Gamma Radiation Shielding Properties of High-Density Polyethylene

Jemila Mussa Ali — 2025-10-20

In this study, the linear attenuation coefficients LAC, half-value layer HVL, tenth-value layer TVL, and mean free path MFP of high-density polyethylene HDPE samples were measured at 511, 661.7, 1173, 1274, and 1333 keV gamma energies using a NaI(Tl) spectrometer. The gamma-rays were obtained from 22Na, 137Cs, and 60Co sources. The highest value for LAC was 1.41 cm⁻¹ at 511 keV. Conversely, the lowest values for HVL, TVL, and MFP were recorded at the same energy. The results indicated that the linear attenuation coefficient of the HDPE samples was inversely proportional to gamma energies. Conversely, HVL, TVL, and MFP were directly proportional to gamma energies. Consequently, this study concluded that HDPE samples were suitable as shielding material for gamma radiation.

A study of the physical properties of drinking water in some areas of western Libya

Munera Mustafa Aonyas — 2025-10-20

This study aims to evaluate the quality of drinking water in some areas of the western region by comparing the physical properties of ten desalinated water samples and eight groundwater (well) samples. Laboratory analyses were conducted for a number of important parameters, including pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS), turbidity and the obtained results were compared with the Libyan national standards and those of the World Health Organization (WHO).).

The results showed that the pH of desalinated water ranged from 7.7 to 8.9. Most samples were within the permissible limit, except for samples A1, A2, and A4, which recorded values of 8.9, 8.6, and 8.6 respectively—slightly above the maximum allowed limit. As for well water, pH values ranged between 7.1 and 8.3, and all were within acceptable limits.

The electrical conductivity of desalinated water was relatively low, ranging from 84.6 to 466.6 μS/cm, and all values were within the recommended limits. In contrast, well water samples ranged from 109.4 to 6027 μS/cm, indicating a clear exceedance in several samples (B2, B4, B6, B7) of the permissible limits, suggesting high salinity. These samples recorded values of 3465, 4249, 6027 and 3364 μS/cm respectively.

All TDS values in desalinated water were within permissible limits. As for well water, it was observed that four samples (B2, B4, B6, B7) recorded values of 2247, 2761, 3918, and 2186 mg/L, respectively exceeding the acceptable limits.

Turbidity levels in all desalinated and well water samples were within acceptable limits, except for two well water samples (B6 and B9), which recorded values of 3.04 and 2.38 NTU, respectively. These exceeded the ideal limit but remained below the maximum allowable limit.

Comparative nutritional analysis of total protein in the muscles of local fish from Libyan waters

Randa Taher El beshti — 2025-10-21

This study aims to estimate the total protein content in muscle tissue of six marine species commonly found in Libyan waters, Sardinella aurita (Sardine), Sphyraena sphyraena (barracuda), Epinephelus costae (dusky grouper), Pagellus erythrinus (red porgy), Scomber japonicus (chub mackerel), and Oblada melanura (saddled seabream). A total of 18 specimens from each species were collected from fish market at Bab Al-Bahr, Tripoli.

Length and Wight measurements were recorded, with average length ranging from 19.22 to 32.35 cm and weights from 60.17 to 190.17 g. Protein content was determined using the Kjeldahl method.

The results revealed significant variation in total protein levels among the studied species. The highest protein concentration was observed in the muscle tissue of Pagellus erythrinus, indicating its superior nutritional value. This was followed by Sardinella aurita and Scomber japonicus. In contrast, lower protein levels were recorded in Sphyraena sphyraena and Oblada melanura, with Epinephelus costae exhibiting the lowest protein content among the sampled species.

Improving the Properties of Concrete Using Iron Industry Waste

Ali Alajail — 2025-10-21

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of incorporating iron filings on the strength of concrete produced using coarse aggregate from the Majer area in Zliten, fine sand from the Al-Mangoush area in Misrata, and cement supplied by the Arab Union General Contracting Company. comprising cubes with dimensions of 15 × 15 × 15 cm and cylinders measuring 15 cm in diameter and 30 cm in height. The specimens were categorized into three mix design grades (C35, C30, C25). For each grade, 6 control specimens were prepared, along with six specimens for each percentage of iron filings addition (1%, 3%, and 5% by weight of cement). Three specimens from e

ach group were tested at 7 days and the remaining three at 28 days, in addition to the reference specimens. The results indicated that adding iron filings as an admixture adversely affects the compressive strength of concrete. However, the study found that a 3% iron filings addition can enhance the splitting tensile strength. Furthermore, incorporating iron filings led to a reduction in concrete density and slump, which strongly suggests that the addition decreases the workability of fresh concrete.

Evaluation of the role of aluminium sulfate of potash (KAl(SO₄)₂·12H₂O) in improving the dyeing properties and colour fastness of wool and cotton/viscose blends

Ghada Moftah Soufeljin — 2025-10-21

Dyeing with natural plants is a sustainable and environmentally friendly method compared to chemical dyes, which cause environmental pollution and consume large amounts of energy and harmful chemicals. This project aims to study the possibility of using natural plants, such as cloves, olive leaves, and indigo, to dye cotton and wool fabrics as a sustainable and environmentally friendly alternative to chemical dyes. This research evaluated the effect of aluminum potassium sulfate (alum) as a stabilizer on the color fastness of fabrics dyed with plant products, by conducting light exposure, washing, and dry and wet rubbing tests. The experiment included three main techniques: dyeing without a stabilizer, using a stabilizer before dyeing, and using a stabilizer after dyeing. The results showed that cloves and olive leaves achieved excellent results and high stability to light, washing, and dry and wet rubbing. Lightfastness results after exposure to sunlight for 80 and 100 hours showed readings of 7 and 8 on the blue wool color index for both cloves and olive leaves, respectively, and 4/5 and 5 on the gray color index for each, respectively. Indigo powder, however, did not produce positive results, with weak readings of 2/3 on the gray color index and 2 on the blue wool standard index. The results were similar in the wash fastness test, with the exception of blue indigo, which achieved better results in the wash test than the light test, while the dry rub test achieved better results than the wet rubbing test.
The study concluded that natural dyes such as cloves and olive leaves achieve excellent results in terms of color fastness, light resistance, and washing, even without the use of chemical stabilizers. They produce stable colors that are stable to light, washing, dry rubbing, and wet rubbing, which are among the most important criteria for measuring textile product quality and are considered a safe alternative. It is natural for industrial dyes to cause huge environmental pollution.

Describtive study to Foliose Lichen Xanthoria parietina From Misurata, Libya

Asma S. Alilesh — 2025-10-25

Lichens are a stable lasting symbiotic relationship between mycobiont (fungus) and a photobiont (algae or cyanobacteria). Lichens have great potential in biotechnological applications due to their wide biodiversity, ability to produce bioactive secondary metabolites, and effective capacity to accumulate air depositions. This study aimed to study the foliose lichen associated with the Pinus sp. tree in Misurata. According to the results, Xanthoria parientina was the only and common foliose lichen found on the trunk of the Pinus tree in the studied areas. Collected Xanthoria parientina revealed as a phenotypic variant with a small thallus size (1-1.5 cm). Total soluble protein and chlorophyll contents in the control sample were 1.5 mg/ml and 0.8 µg/mg dry mass, respectively. This preliminary study provides baseline information about this unstudied field to draw the attention of researchers to start local lichenological studies in the east and west of Libya.

Numerical and Experimental Analysis of ) HE10 ( Hydrous Ethanol Blend in a PFI Gasoline Engine

Musaab O. El-Faroug — 2025-10-25

This work examines the effects of 10% hydrous ethanol–gasoline blends (HE10) on the combustion and emission behavior of a spark-ignition port fuel injection (PFI) engine. Numerical simulations using a CFD solver evaluated the role of water content in blends (E0, HE10W3, HE10W5) on in-cylinder pressure, heat release rate, and NOx formation at 1200 rpm and 50 N·m. Experimental tests were also carried out on a four-cylinder PFI gasoline engine at 1800 rpm under different loads to assess the influence of HE10 on particulate matter (PM) and gaseous emissions. The results indicate that hydrous ethanol blends reduce peak in-cylinder pressure and heat release compared with gasoline, mainly due to higher latent heat of vaporization and lower heating value. Nonetheless, HE10 provided clear emission advantages. PM number and mass concentrations declined substantially, with a 64.9% reduction in particulate mass at 30 N·m relative to gasoline, and particle size distributions showed fewer nucleation and accumulation mode particles. In addition, HE10 lowered NOx, HC, CO, and CO₂ emissions. A slight increase in brake-specific fuel consumption was observed, reflecting the lower energy density of hydrous ethanol.

Seabirds and Coastal Waterbirds of Eastern Libya: From Ain Al-Ghazala to the Gulf of Bomba- Multi-Site Surveys and Hunting Pressure

Dr. Abdoul Baset Hassen Aboushiba — 2025-10-25

Eastern Libya’s coast from Ain Al-Ghazala to the Gulf of Bomba comprises a contiguous mosaic of lagoons, sabkhas, sandy beaches, rocky headlands, and inlets that support seasonally rich assemblages of seabirds and coastal waterbirds. This study delivers a standardized, multi-site assessment across that corridor to establish an updated species list, quantify spatial and seasonal patterns, and appraise hunting pressure. We implemented a stratified design with replicated vantage-point scans, shoreline line-transects, and sabkha circuits across three geographic clusters (west–central–east). Counts were aligned with international mid-winter and spring passage windows; detectability considerations were incorporated through effort normalization and distance bins on transects. Hunting pressure was evaluated using convergent field indicators (spent cartridges, hides, carcasses, nets/decoys, access tracks), weekly market checks, and semi-structured interviews, synthesized as a composite Hunting Pressure Index. We analyze richness, abundance, encounter rates, and diversity, and relate bird use to habitat type (lagoon, sabkha, beach, rocky headland, inlet) and to the pressure index using negative-binomial mixed models with site as a random effect. By integrating standardized bird counts with explicit human-pressure metrics, the work produces actionable baselines for enforcement routing, community outreach, and site-level management, while providing a replicable template for future monitoring. The approach also strengthens national alignment with international waterbird census practices and facilitates comparability with coastal segments elsewhere in Libya.

Evaluation of the Suitability of Yafran Clays for the Manufacture of Building Bricks

Eng. Laila Massaud El-Mazugha — 2025-10-26

This study aims to assess the suitability of clay from the Yefren area in the Nafusa Mountains, Libya, for the production of fired bricks by evaluating its physical, chemical, and mineralogical properties. The methodology involved collecting field samples and conducting laboratory tests to determine moisture content, specific gravity, liquid and plastic limits, compressive strength, and water absorption rate. Additionally, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was performed before and after thermal treatment at 900°C.

The results indicated that the clay exhibits favorable physical characteristics, with a moisture content of 36.8%, specific gravity of 2.6, and good plasticity reflected by a plasticity index of 45%. The produced bricks showed a compressive strength of 9 MPa and a water absorption rate of 11.6%, which falls within acceptable limits. Chemically, the clay contains adequate proportions of silica (70.63%), alumina (9.12%), as well as suitable levels of iron and calcium oxides, supporting its potential for industrial application.

Mineralogical analysis revealed the presence of clay minerals such as kaolinite and illite, with thermal stability maintained after firing—enhancing the clay’s suitability for high-quality brick manufacturing. The study recommends further mineralogical analysis of additional samples and testing under various firing temperatures to optimize the final product quality.

Assessment of the awareness and practices of medical waste management among healthcare and supporting providers in Al-Graifa Rural Hospital, Obari, Libya

Om Alfadel Mohammed Zaed Mone — 2025-10-26

This study was focused of on assessing the awareness of healthcare and other supporting providers for medical waste management (MW) and practices in Al-Graifa Rural Hospital. A cross sectional observational research was done targeting 109 samples. Verbal consent was obtained from each individual participant, and all participants asked for demographic, waste awareness, observational checklist. Participants belonged to seven departments/ wards: emergency, laboratory, radiology, pharmacy, surgery, obstetrics and gynecology, dental. Of 109 participants, 40 (36.69%) were male, and 69 (63.30%) were female; mean age was 42 years, ranged 20 to 48 years, and their age groups (20 - 25; 26-35; 36-45; >45 year), (6.4%; 18.4%; 64.2%; 11.0%), respectively. Majority 95.4% (104/ 109) of the participants received no training/ education about waste management and practices. Statistically, participants who already knew the correct waste management and practices were significantly (p<0.05) lower 11/109 (10.1%), compared to those had no knowledge 98/109 (89.90%). Interestingly, all study participants were aware that the maximum period of keeping waste inside hospital premises is 48 hours. Observational data were also recorded regarding waste segregation practices, and only 20% of the observed premises followed the standard guidelines of segregation practices. All visited departments/ wards (n=7) followed standard transportation and treatment time, before 48 hours. A significant reduction (only 20%) of the participants utilizing specific trollies for each waste type. A number of interesting differences in (WM)/ practices recorded in hospital staff targeted in this work highlighted the necessity of future research targeting broader health and medical premises in South Libya.

Physicochemical Characterization and Evaluation of Groundwater Quality in Derna, Libya, Following Hurricane Daniel

Waleed Naser Abumaelumah — 2025-10-27

This study aims to determine the safety of groundwater in Derna for human and agricultural use following the extensive flooding and water contamination caused by Hurricane Daniel. Seven representative samples were obtained from wells situated in the most adversely impacted areas. Then, they were tested in a more advanced lab to see if they had Escherichia coli and Total Coliform bacteria. They also checked the pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), ammonia (NH₃), nitrate (NO₃⁻), chloride, total hardness, and total hardness.
The results showed that most of the samples had levels that were higher than what the World Health Organization (WHO) and Libyan standards say is safe for drinking water. The water had a lot of nitrates, ammonia, and dissolved salts in it, as well as E. coli and Total Coliform. It wasn't safe to drink. A lot of turbidity and chloride were also signs that the water wasn't safe. This was mostly because of flooding that broke pipes and let sewage leak out. The study says we should start using better ways to clean water right away, make systems for checking water quality stronger, and set up programs in communities to teach people about the health risks of dirty water and how important it is to use safe water practices. It also talks about how important it is to make long-term plans for managing water resources so that places that are likely to have disasters have more groundwater and climate change has less of an effect.

Application of Acoustic Signal Processing Techniques

Omer I. A. Hmellah — 2025-10-28

Industrial machinery produces complex acoustic emissions composed of overlapping tonal, broadband, and impulsive components. To diagnose mechanical conditions, predict faults, and guide noise control, one must go beyond simple SPL measurements and apply advanced processing. This work presents a comprehensive methodology combining acoustic calibration, real-time spectral acquisition (Spectra LAB), and post-processing in LabVIEW for waveform reconstruction, power spectrum estimation, autocorrelation analysis, and advanced spectral decomposition. We integrate modern techniques such as time–frequency clustering and model-based signal decomposition to separate overlapping sources under industrial noise conditions. Case studies on lathe, drilling, cigarette, and packaging machines illustrate how these tools uncover subtle acoustic signatures, support fault detection, and enable condition monitoring. The results confirm that properly calibrated, software-based DSP is a powerful, non-intrusive diagnostic method in noisy industrial settings.

A comparative review for hydrogen production from biomass using steam and supercritical water gasification technologies

Wafa A. Aldeeb — 2025-10-29

Biomass gasification has emerged as a promising technology for sustainable hydrogen production, offering a renewable pathway to meet global energy demands while reducing greenhouse gas emissions. This review provides an in-depth analysis of biomass gasification technologies, focusing on steam gasification and supercritical water gasification. It critically evaluates the influence of operating conditions, such as temperature, pressure, and feedstock characteristics, on hydrogen yield and syngas quality. The role of advanced catalysts in enhancing process efficiency and mitigating tar formation is also discussed in detail, with emphasis on transition metals, bimetallic catalysts, and novel composite materials. Challenges such as high capital costs, tar management, scalability, and competition with alternative hydrogen production methods are addressed, along with potential technological innovations to overcome these barriers. By integrating recent advancements and identifying critical research gaps, this manuscript aims to guide future studies toward achieving cost-effective and sustainable hydrogen production via biomass gasification. The review underscores the importance of techno-economic analyses, sustainability assessments, and large-scale implementation strategies to ensure the viability of biomass-derived hydrogen as a green energy carrier.

The Influence of Thermal Treatment on the Structure and Morphology of Iron Borosilicate Glasses

Fawzeya Gharghar — 2025-10-29

The effect of heat treatment on the structure and morphology of iron borosilicate glass was analyzed using x-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) coupled with electron diffraction pattern (EDP) technique. The selected samples were being subjecting to heat treatment at 650^OC for 4 hr. FTIR measurements of the heat-treated samples revealed a significant decrease in the peak intensity associated with threefold-coordinated B–O bonds, accompanied by a significant increase in the band intensity corresponding to the tetrahedral units. According to XRD observation, the disappearing of diffraction peaks for the selected samples after heat treatment confirms the vitreous nature of the observed samples. TEM-EDP patterns revealed a reduction in the cluster size with the addition of Fe₂O₃ content, indicating the high ability of iron to withdraw non-bridging oxygens (NBOs) from silicate network and to behave as a glass former. On the other hand, the increasing in the particles number and aggregations that distributed in the internal structure is primarily attributed to the high temperature reached during thermal treatment.

Post Marketing Surveillance on Different Brands of Propranolol Tablets

Darine Mousa Abozaid — 2025-10-30

Non-selective beta-adrenoceptor blockers like propranolol are commonly administered to manage cardiac issues and high blood pressure. This research attempts to ascertain whether specific brands of propranolol tablets available in Al Bayda, Libya, meet the specifications established by the US Pharmacopoeia or the British Pharmacopoeia and fulfill up to the claims stated on their labels. From a variety of retail pharmacies in Al Bayda, Libya, four different brands of propranolol tablets were randomly selected. Several quality control tests were conducted as part of the evaluation procedure. The findings demonstrated that every brand had uniformity in diameter, thickness, and weight as well as acceptable external qualities. Every brand has proven to have enough mechanical strength to withstand crumbling and breaking. Additionally, all samples (with the exception of one brand) satisfied requirements for drug content and disintegration time. All products under investigation met pharmacopoeial requirements, according to the dissolution profile, with the exception of brand Pr2. Consequently, all brands of propranolol tablets that were assessed, with the exception of brand Pr2, were determined to be of satisfactory quality. However, their dissolution profiles were not comparable to those of the innovator, and they could not be used interchangeably.

The Pareto-Bernoulli Equation: A New Theoretical Framework for Multi-Objective Optimization Based on Energy Conservation Principles

Amal Abd Al-Asfar — 2025-10-30

This paper introduces a new mathematical concept that bridges two seemingly heterogeneous domains: multi-objective nonlinear programming (MONLP) and Bernoulli's equation in fluid dynamics. Inspired by the fundamental structure of Bernoulli's equation—which describes energy conservation in steady flow—we propose a new model for analyzing Pareto fronts in MONLP problems with non-convex, dynamically coupled functions. We propose a mathematical analogy where the conflicting objectives in MONLP represent the different energy terms in the Bernoulli equation (kinetic energy, pressure energy, and potential energy), and the global "Bernoulli constant" is represented as a Pareto-Sum Constant that indicates the global optimal equilibrium state of the multi-objective system. We present a new mathematical formulation called the Pareto-Bernoulli Equation (PBE) and an associated transformation technique. This research opens new avenues for physics-inspired optimization algorithms and provides a unified theoretical perspective on Pareto optimality through energy conservation principles.

The efficacy of Dianthus caryophyllus leave extracts against some Bacterial species

Reem Amhemmed Masoud — 2025-11-02

the average diameters and areas of inhibition zones indicative of growth suppression by Dianthus caryophyllus extracts were systematically analyzed against staphylococcus aureus. Streptomycin exhibited the most significant antibacterial effect, surpassing plant extracts in efficacy. Notably, the first extract of D. caryophyllus leaves demonstrated the highest antibacterial activity with a diameter area of 17.88 ± 3.72, while extract 3 showed a diameter area of 7.88 ± 2.57, with a statistically significant variation at (P<0.05). The average diameters and areas of growth inhibition zones produced by D. caryophyllus extracts against pseudomonas sp bacteria were accurately recorded for analysis. Among the tested agents, Gentamycin exhibited the most pronounced effect, achieving a diameter measure of 20.88 ± 6.03. The first extract of D. caryophyllus leaves yielded a diameter area of 13.44 ± 1.23, while the third extract showed a lower diameter area of 6.88 ± 1.36, with a notable variation at (P<0.05). This evaluation involved systematic determination of average diameters and areas of growth inhibition zones elicited by the extracts against Klebsella sp bacteria. Streptomycin displayed the most significant antibacterial effect, with an impressive diameter of 21.77 ± 2.77. The first extract of D. caryophyllus leaves generated a significant diameter area of 12.55 ± 1.94, while extract 3 exhibited a lower diameter area of 6.44 ± 2.24, both showing a statistically significant variation at (P<0.05).

Integrating Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) with GAACO for Resource Scheduling in Cloud Computing

Fatma Rjab Almasre — 2025-11-02

Efficient scheduling of resources is a major concern in cloud computing, which is mainly due to dynamic workloads, scarcity of resources and requirement for quality of service (QoS). This paper develops a hybrid dispatching model, which combines Genetic Algorithm-Ant Colony Optimization (GAACO) with Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL). The hybrid algorithm was implemented and evaluated using CloudSim 3.0.3 to improve the adaptivity and efficiency. Experimental results demonstrate that GAACO+DRL consistently outperforms GAACO alone, reducing makespan by up to 30%, lowering average waiting time by 20–35%, improving throughput, balancing workload distribution, reducing energy consumption, and completely eliminating SLA violations. These findings highlight the effectiveness of combining met heuristic optimization with reinforcement learning to achieve stable, efficient, and scalable resource scheduling in cloud computing.

On the Uniqueness and Existence of Solutions for Linear and Nonlinear Impulsive Second-Order Differential Equations with Applications to Neural Oscillators

Abdalftah Elbori — 2025-11-03

This paper investigates the uniqueness and existence of solutions for second-order differential equations from both classical and modern perspectives. In the first part, classical techniques such as energy functions and the Grönwall–Bellman inequality are employed to re-establish the uniqueness of solutions for second-order linear homogeneous equations with continuous coefficients. In the second part, the analysis is extended to nonlinear impulsive systems inspired by biological neural oscillators and Central Pattern Generators (CPGs), which include time-dependent damping and instantaneous state changes. Existence and uniqueness of periodic or almost-periodic solutions are established using topological fixed-point theory and Lyapunov-like functions under biologically realistic assumptions. Numerical simulations using MATLAB are presented to validate the theoretical findings. The results have direct applications in bioengineering, neural dynamics, and control systems where hybrid continuous-discrete behavior is present.

Classification of animals species using convolutional neural networks: A comparative study with support vector machines

Dr. Khalid Ramadan Ali Ramadan — 2025-11-03

This study aims to compare the performance of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and support vector machines (SVMs) in the task of classifying animal species from images, focusing on three main categories: wolves, foxes, and wild dogs. Both models were built and trained on a dataset containing 3,000 images distributed evenly among the three categories. The results showed that the convolutional neural network (CNN) model (CNNs) achieved significantly superior performance with an accuracy of 97% compared to the support vector machine (SVM) that relied on HOG features with an accuracy of 82% and the support vector machine (SVM) that used features extracted from CNN with an accuracy of 94%. These results confirm that convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are the best choice for classifying complex images such as animal images, thanks to their superior ability to automatically learn hierarchical features. However, the study also showed that support vector machines (SVMs) can achieve competitive performance when provided with rich features extracted by CNNs, suggesting the possibility of using a hybrid approach in some applications.

Impact of Nitrogen Fertilizer Levels and Humic Acid Foliar Application on Durum Wheat Productivity in Libya

Adrrs A. ALshareef — 2025-11-04

During winter season 2024/ 2025, a field experiment was conducted in Agricultural Research Station, Faculty of Agriculture (Suluq), Benghazi University, Libya to study different nitrogen fertilizer levels (75, 105 and 140 kg N/ ha) as main plot and two humic acid treatments (0 and 5 g/ L) as sub-plot on growth and productivity of durum wheat. Obtained results revealed that (140 kg N/ ha) produced the longest spikes (8.52 cm), highest number of grains/ spike and spikes/ m2 (66.82 and 418.62), respectively, heaviest 100 grain weight (5.25 g), highest grain yield (3.705 t/ ha) and harvest index (30.15 %), however, the highest plant height and biological yield resulted from 105 and 140 kg N/ ha. Sprayed plants with 5 g/ L humic acid were significantly increased all the studied traits. Humic acid application combined with 140 kg N/ ha produced the tallest spikes (9.02 cm), heaviest 100-grain weight (5.51 g), highest grain yield (4.830 t/ ha) and harvest index (35.49 %), however the highest number of spikes/ m2 resulted from both the mentioned treatment and (105 kg N/ ha) combined with humic acid spraying. The tallest plants, highest number of spikes/ m2 and biological yield resulted from any nitrogen level studied combined with humic acid application. From the aforementioned results, it can be concluded that treated durum wheat variety Kassi with 140 kgN/ ha with spraying (5g/L) humic acid significantly increase productivity under Suluq conditions.

Opportunities to use building information modeling to improve Worker’s safety performance in construction projects in Libya

Munthir Al-Basheer Al-Khabi — 2025-11-04

The study aimed to identify opportunities for using BIM to improve worker safety in construction projects in Libya, focusing on the extent to which construction companies and sectors are aware of the concept of BIM and the concept of safety and the extent to which they are applied by each construction company and sector. To achieve the study objective, the research investigated the relationship between BIM and safety to document opportunities, barriers and impacts using a descriptive analytical methodology and relied on questionnaires and an online survey of project engineers working in construction companies with a comprehensive review of the literature, where the number of participants in the questionnaire was 130 out of 150 questionnaires distributed, and the recovery rate was 86%. The data was analyzed using the SSPS statistical package. The study found that those who use BIM feel that it helps in communicating project information and delivering the project effectively, and has a positive impact on safety in addition to its positive impact on safety. In addition, according to the results of the questionnaire, a large percentage of engineers who use BIM feel that it ultimately helps in eliminating safety risks and improving worker safety. The results of the study indicate that improvements in safety performance may be due in part to the increased use of BIM in the construction industry. The results of this study also indicated the need for more practical BIM applications, with a particular focus on safety training and education, the use of BIM to enhance safety and resilience climates, and the development of quantitative risk analysis to better support safety management. Finally, the study recommends the use of BIM in all project phases and exploring ways to integrate BIM with advanced technologies and artificial intelligence.

Construction Waste Management Modern Strategies for Recycling and Promoting Sustainability in Building Projects

Hanan Belgasem Eisaa — 2025-11-05

The study analyzes construction waste management and explores recycling strategies to promote sustainability in light of global technological and environmental changes. It highlights the potential for transforming construction and demolition waste from a burden into a valuable economic resource through recycling, supported by collaboration with skilled private sector companies. This transformation could reduce reliance on imported raw materials such as iron and steel. The study examines waste management mechanisms, types, and the challenges of implementing recycling technologies, reviews global practices, and proposes a framework for improving resource efficiency and reducing environmental impact. It highlights the economic benefits, including cost savings and job creation. Methodologically, the research relied on a descriptive analytical approach, supplemented by questionnaires, expert interviews, field observations, and technical document analysis. Drawing on reliable sources, including World Bank and United Nations reports, the study aims to provide practical recommendations for engineers, contractors, and decision-makers to promote sustainable waste management practices in line with the country's digital and environmental goals.

Applications of nuclear physics in the diagnosis of cancer

Asmaa Binour Emhamed Al-Qadi — 2025-11-05

This study addresses the vital role of nuclear physics in cancer diagnosis, reviewing the basic physical principles of radiation interaction with living matter and the mechanisms of using radioisotopes in medical imaging. The paper focuses on explaining how nuclear imaging techniques such as positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) can be used to detect tumors early and accurately determine their stage of spread. It also reviews the most important radioisotopes used in clinical applications, such as fluorine-18, technetium-99m, and iodine-131, explaining their physical properties and role in diagnosing specific types of cancer, such as thyroid, lung, and bone tumors. The study also highlights the environmental and safety aspects associated with the use of nuclear technologies, including principles of radiation protection, international safety standards issued by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), and mechanisms for managing medical radioactive waste to reduce radioactive contamination and ensure environmental protection. In conclusion, the results confirm that nuclear physics is an essential tool in modern medicine, thanks to its ability to integrate functional and anatomical information, making it an effective means for early diagnosis and assessing the effectiveness of treatment. The paper also recommends supporting scientific research, developing the infrastructure for nuclear medicine, and enhancing cooperation between physicists and physicians to expand the scope of its applications and improve the quality of healthcare.

Methodological Framework for Centrifugal Pump Performance Analysis Using CFD Simulation

Ahmed Gaddour — 2025-11-15

To drain water from the lower reservoir to the upper reservoir, a pump is needed to move it. The pump will work optimally if the pump has an installation that matches the pump's ability to work. The guidelines for making pump installations are capacity (Q) and pressure height ( H) required to pump the water. This water is first collected in the lower reservoir and then sent to the upper reservoir. A pump is a machine that converts mechanical energy into pressure energy. According to some literature, there are several types of pumps, but what is commonly used is the type of centrifugal pump. This pump designed will be modeled and simulated using CFD FLUENT v 6.1.22 which will then be compared with the performance generated manually. In this case, FLUENT CFD makes it very easy to adjust according to real conditions. Then the conclusion is based on the results of the pump characteristics that have been made with the same impeller shape and pump rotation, it can be concluded that the large capacity (Q) is inversely proportional to the amount of pressure height (H). The greater the capacity, the smaller the pressure, or vice versa, the smaller the capacity, the greater the pressure and the head capability that the pump can serve based on the simulation is greater than the calculation results.

Comparative Analysis of Thermal Performance and Induced Stresses in TIG and MIG Welding Processes Using Numerical Simulation

Salih Abdulqadir Salih — 2025-11-15

This study aims to provide a comprehensive comparison between Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) welding and Gas Metal Arc (MIG) welding in terms of thermal behavior, energy transfer efficiency, and their effects on the thermal structure of medium-carbon steel (AISI 1045). The analysis combines theoretical evaluation with three-dimensional numerical thermal simulation using the SimScale platform, aiming to examine temperature distribution across the welded joint and to determine the size and characteristics of both the fusion zone and the heat-affected zone.

Representative thermal parameters such as voltage, current, and welding speed were selected based on data reported in scientific databases including ScienceDirect and ResearchGate. The results showed that MIG welding generates approximately 30% higher heat input than TIG welding, leading to deeper penetration and a wider heat-affected area. In contrast, TIG welding provides better heat concentration and lower thermal distortion, making it more suitable for precision and high-surface-quality applications.

The findings demonstrate that the optimal choice of welding technique depends on the specific industrial application, required thermal control, and surface quality standards. Moreover, the study highlights the importance of numerical simulation in predicting thermal behavior prior to practical welding operations. These results establish a strong foundation for developing more advanced models that integrate thermal and mechanical analyses in future welding research

Insecticidal efficacy and toxicity of petroleum ether extracts of some medicinal plants against adults of the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

Rahma H. O. El-Delimy — 2025-11-16

This study aimed to investigate the insecticidal efficacy and toxicity of petroleum ether extracts from four medicinal plants: leaves of Artemisia vulgaris L., flower buds of Syzygium aromaticum L., fruits of Capsicum annuum L., and fruits of Acacia nilotica L. against adults of the red beetle flour Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) at different exposure periods (24 hours, 48 hours, and 7 days). The results indicated that all plant extracts exhibited significant insecticidal activity against the adult beetle, effectively influencing mortality rates. This efficacy was enhanced with increasing concentration and exposure duration, indicating a cumulative and progressive effect of the active compounds in these extracts over time. Furthermore, distinct variations in insecticidal potency were observed among the different extracts. The petroleum ether extract of S. aromaticum L. displayed the highest insecticidal efficacy, achieving mortality rates of 76.67% at a 2.0% concentration after 24 hours, which increased to 100% after 7 days of treatment. This was followed by the A. vulgaris L. extract, which yielded high mortality rates of 96.67% and 100% at concentrations 1.0% and 2.0%, respectively, after 7 days. The C. annuum L. extract demonstrated a moderate, time-dependent efficacy, reaching a mortality rate of 86.7% at the highest concentration 2.0% after 7 days. In contrast, the A. nilotica L. extract was the least effective, with a mortality rate not exceeding 63.3% at the highest concentration after 7 days. Additionally, these extracts exhibited marked toxicity against the adult beetles, as quantified by the calculated LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ values across different exposure periods. The toxic efficacy varied considerably depending on the extract type, The S. aromaticum was the most toxic, followed by A. vulgaris L. then the C. annuum L. extract, while the A. nilotica L. was the least toxic. Toxicity of all extracts increased with extended exposure duration, as evidenced by the progressive reduction in LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ values after 48 hours and 7 days of treatment.

Analysis of Annual and Seasonal Temperature Trends at Zuwara Station for the Period 1951–2020

Dr. Naema Mousa Alshamkh — 2025-11-16

This study aims to analyze the trends in the temperature changes in Zuwara region over the period (1951–2020) by examining annual, seasonal, and monthly temperature variations and identifying their trends. The results revealed an increase in the mean maximum temperature in the Zuwara region. The statistical analysis employed included linear regression model and the (t-test) to determine the significance of the changes.

The study results indicate that there is a statistically significant increasing trend in the annual average temperature for the period (1951–2020). The same pattern were found in the seasonal averages for the period (1986 –2020), where the mean maximum temperature increased by Cº2.015 with a correlation coefficient (R²) of 0.93 and a high statistical significance (p < 0.001). The results also showed that the highest rate of increase occurred in the summer season with a rate of Cº0.73, while the winter season showed a significant rise in the maximum temperature by Cº0.91 at a significance level of 0.023.

Ecosystem Vulnerability and Sustainable Development Challenges in Libyan Rangelands Under the Influence of Drought Cycles and Climate Change: A Case Study from the Dafna Plateau (Northeastern Libya)

Shyyima Abdulqadir Salih — 2025-11-18

Climate factors are dynamic phenomena with a significant impact on the environment and sustainable development, especially in semi-arid and arid regions. This research aims to study the effect of the local climate on the characteristics of vegetation cover on the Dofna Plateau (northeast Libya) and the potential for rehabilitating the area and sustainably utilizing its rangelands. The plateau is one of Libya’s important pastoral areas, with a predominantly arid climate (Aridity Index = 0.13), with aridity increasing further south. The average annual rainfall in Tobruk is 184 mm, decreasing to 89 mm in Al-Adam, located about 25 km south. The average annual temperature ranges between 19.1°C and 19.7°C. The arid conditions clearly reflect the fragility of the region's ecosystems. The results showed weak natural characteristics of the vegetation cover, with an average plant cover of 17.4%, while the average distance of bare areas was 1.5 meters, and the average species richness was low (Species Richness = 3). The region is dominated by stunted, poorly palatable, xerophytic plants such as Haloxylon scoparium, Thymelaea hirsuta, Deverra tortuosa, and Suaeda vermiculata. Aridity is expected to intensify under current climate changes, manifested in rising temperatures, decreasing rainfall, and longer dry periods. These challenges, compounded by unsustainable human activities, may also apply to rangeland areas throughout Libya. This necessitates effective human intervention to curb environmental degradation and rehabilitate local ecosystems in light of current data and future climate change projections.

Detection Of Waterborne Pathogens in Drinking Water in Ajdabiya City

Haniyeh Ahmed Mohamed Argiah — 2025-11-23

Waterborne pathogens pose a major health risk in both developed and developing countries. Providing quality domestic water for the community is crucial. The aim of this study was to examine various drinking water sources in several areas of Ajdabiya to ensure they are free of contamination and fit for drinking. Community health was evaluated to determine the level of water pollution. Method: Four water samples were collected: 21 from the public network (river water), 23 from bottled water (mineral water), 4 from well water, and 2 from rainwater. Total coliforms were analyzed, Escherichia coli and Streptococcus were analyzed in water samples. The household survey included questions about the city's residential area, the main source of drinking water at home, the type of drinking water tanks, the frequency of chlorine addition to drinking water, the frequency of cleaning drinking water tanks, and whether the drinking water had been tested. Has a family member become ill after drinking the water? What type of illness? Do you know the sources of water pollution? Are you aware of the risks of water pollution? In your opinion, what is the best solution to address the problem of drinking water pollution? The results of the tests were compared to the permissible limits set by the World Health Organization finding that coliform was 100%, Escherichia coli was 73.9%, and streptococcus was 23.9% of the water samples. E. coli concentration levels were high. The household survey results revealed that water pollution was highest in the eastern and northern parts of the city among residents using the public water network. Pollution levels were highest in underground tanks, followed by rooftop tanks. Pollution levels were lowest among those who cleaned their tanks twice a year. Chlorinated water contains a much lower number of colony-forming units (CFU) per 100 ml of water sample. In conclusion, improper sewage disposal is a primary factor contributing to water pollution in the city, followed by pollution from contaminated water tanks and a lack of awareness of water purification and sterilization. There is an urgent need to take emergency steps to stop further deterioration of water quality and to improve the existing water quality to protect the population from the spread of waterborne diseases.

Potentiometric Studies of the pH Effect on the Coordination Behavior of Citric Acid Complexes with Cu²⁺ and Zn²⁺ in Heterobimetallic Complexes

Eissa Mohamed Almbrok — 2025-11-23

This study investigates the influence of pH on the coordination behavior of citric acid with Cu²⁺ and Zn²⁺ ions in aqueous solution using potentiometric method. Experiments were performed at 25 °C and constant ionic strength (0.1 M KCl) to determine protonation constants and stability constants (log β) of binary and heterobimetallic complexes. The results showed three dissociation steps for citric acid (pKa = 3.2, 4.6, 5.6), with partially deprotonated species (H₂Cit⁻, HCit²⁻) being the most active in metal binding between pH 3–6. Copper formed more stable complexes (log β ≈ 9.5) than zinc (log β ≈ 7.5), while the mixed Cu–Zn system exhibited enhanced stability (log β ≈ 14) due to synergistic coordination. Increasing ionic strength reduced complex stability, consistent with the Davies model. Spectroscopic data confirmed the formation of stable Cu²⁺–citrate and Zn²⁺–citrate species. Overall, the findings highlight strong pH-dependent complexation and cooperative metal–ligand interactions relevant to bioinorganic and environmental systems.

Study the Thermal Analysis of Materials Used in Insulation Pipelines

Mohammed A. M. Saed — 2025-11-24

The goal of the study is to examine and evaluate the various insulating materials utilized in pipelines. The study focused on the tubes used by Libyan Norwegian Fertilizers Company in order to determine how the insulator affected the quantity of heat loss and to determine the most cost-effective form of insulation. The research was conducted using the MATLAB application R2014a, and the data came from the reports utilized by the Libyan-Norwegian enterprise. Additionally, the thermal conductivity of insulating materials was measured using a Lee’s disk experiment. According to the findings, rock wool may be the most cost-effective and ideal option for insulation, but it has a drawback in that it is toxic. The study investigates the thermal analysis of insulation pipeline materials and alloys using a Lee’s disk experiment to measure various insulation materials (such as rock wool and camel skin) using a MATLAB computer program.

Impact of Priming in Varying Potassium Nitrate Concentrations and Durations on Germination of Two Barley Varieties (Hordeum vulgare L.)

Abusif Sonousi — 2025-11-24

Seed priming is a useful treatment that is done before sowing to help seeds germinate and grow quickly in many crops. This study in the Botany Department's lab at Sebha University in Libya looked at 14 priming treatments in a completely random design (with three replicates) on two types of barley (Rehan and AboToreen). We measured the following traits: the percentage of seeds that germinated the germination index, the germination energy, the average time it took for seeds to germinate, the vigor of the seedlings, the length of the seedlings, and the fresh and dry weights of ten seedlings. Most traits showed big differences between treatments. The longest mean root length came from water priming for 6 hours, and the longest shoot length came from potassium nitrate (KNO₃) 5% for 12 hours. Fresh weight and vigor were optimized at certain duration–concentration combinations, demonstrating that both factors significantly influence barley germination and initial growth. Overall, the right priming solutions and exposure times can speed up emergence, boost vigor, and increase early biomass in barley. Simple water priming and 5% KNO₃ are two of the best choices for root and shoot growth, respectively.

Integrating AI in Clinical Biochemistry: A Qualitative Study of Laboratory Technicians’ Knowledge, Skills, and Challenges in Al Khums, Libya

Esmaeil B. Musa — 2025-11-25

This study aims to assess the existing knowledge and proficiency of laboratory technicians in using Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools to interpret laboratory data in clinical biochemistry laboratories in Al Khums, Libya. It seeks to identify gaps in understanding, evaluate technicians' educational preparedness, and examine the challenges and competencies required for the effective integration of AI into laboratory practices as well. This qualitative descriptive cross-sectional study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach, employing semi-structured interviews with a sample of 105 laboratory technicians working in both governmental and private clinical biochemistry laboratories. The interview framework explores key themes, including awareness of AI technologies, perceived benefits and challenges of AI adoption, necessary training and skill development, ethical considerations, and general attitudes toward AI integration in laboratory workflows. The results indicate varying levels of familiarity and confidence among laboratory technicians regarding AI applications in laboratory practice. While many participants demonstrated an awareness of AI and expressed openness to its adoption, substantial gaps in technical knowledge and hands-on experience were identified. The study underscores the necessity for enhanced training programs that encompass both the technical and ethical dimensions of AI. Additionally, it highlights the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration between laboratory professionals and AI developers to facilitate effective implementation.

Engineering Planning and Digital Transformation in Smart Project Management: An Applied Study on Al-Nukhba Engineering General Contracting Company

Awatif Ali Abdulsalam Mousay — 2025-11-25

This study aims to analyze the current status of smart construction project management in Libya through an applied study at Al-Nukhba Construction Company, focusing on engineering planning, digital transformation, and their impact on performance.

The study adopted a descriptive-analytical approach, and data were collected using a field questionnaire distributed to 50 employees from various engineering and managerial categories. The data were analyzed using SPSS to calculate the mean values and standard deviations.

The results showed that the implementation level of smart management systems is relatively high, with an overall mean of 3.90, and a strong reliance on digital planning tools and schedule monitoring. The study also indicated that digital transformation contributed to improved communication and reduced delays, while challenges such as poor internet connectivity and insufficient technical training still affected performance effectiveness.

The findings reflect that the company is moving towards digital transformation, providing opportunities to enhance project management efficiency and improve overall performance in the Libyan construction sector.

A preliminary study on the effects of wildfire on some physical and chemical properties of clayey soil in Gandafora AL-Jabal alkhdar – Libya

Amin Fawzi Mohammed — 2025-11-26

This preliminary field study was conducted to investigate the possible effects of wildfire on some physical and chemical properties of soil of Gandafora in Jabal Al-Akhdar east of Libya. Two sites having similar environmental and topographic features were selected. One site had been exposed to the effects of wildfire about two decades ago while the other site has not been affected by wildfire and remained under the prevailing environmental conditions of the area. To achieve the objectives of this field study representative composite soil samples were collected at depths 0-20, 20-40 cm. Soil properties sensitive to the effects of wildfire as reported in several research papers were investigated. The traits included were field moisture content, texture, structure, porosity and infiltration rate. Also, soil reaction (pH), electric conductivity(EC) and the percentage of soil organic matter (OM) content.

The data collected were subjected to statistical analyses (ANOVA) which indicated no significant difference between the two sites at 0.05 level of significance in texture, field moisture content, pH and EC. However, significant differences were found between OM content of soils representing these two sites. Additionally, the data have confirmed an important increase of surface soil BD exposed to wildfire leading to higher surface compaction, less porosity and lower infiltration rate.

Influence of Chitosan Oligosaccharide on the Growth Performance of Broilers under the Libyan Western Mountain Climate

Dr. Alhadi Jelban — 2025-11-26

This study was conducted to investigate The effect of adding chitosan oligosaccharide (C6H11NO4)n on broiler's growth performance during the climate of the western mountain region in Libya, where a lot of farmers rearing broilers, and almost all families consume broiler meat every day. Three levels of chitosan oligosaccharides, 0 mg/kg (control treatment), 100mg chitosan / kg diet (treatment 1) and 200mg chitosan /kg diet (treatment 2) were added to the checks diet. Chitosan is an oligosaccharide used lately as antioxidant, antimicrobial and to improve birds performance, meat and eggs quietly. Chitosan was added to the basal corn-soybean diet. 120 Cobb strain checks, one – day old, were reared in open pen and randomly distributed to 3 treatments, 40 checks for each treatment , 10 checks for each replicate. The experiment continued for 6 weeks. Food and water were available for birds ad-libtum, light period is 24h/per day, temperature was recorded daily, usual fans on the walls were used for ventilation, vaccination and other treatments were done on time. Body weight, food consumption and food conversion ratio were calculated weekly, and the means were recorded. The results showed that adding of chitosan 200mg significantly (P<0.05) improved the body weight in the T2 birds, compared with the control group, while feed intake and feed conversion ratio (FCR) did not differ significantly between control group and the two chitosan groups. From these results it could be say adding chitosan can improve broiler performance in this region instead of undesired usual growth promoters.