African Journal of Advanced Pure and Applied Sciences (AJAPAS)

تأثير اختلاف شدة الضوء المختلفة على نمو شتلات الزيتون ( Olea europaea ) : دراسة تجريبية في بيئة محاكية لظروف ليبيا

زينب ضو المريض — Sun, 06 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0000

هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى تقييم تأثير مستويات الضوء المختلفة على نمو شتلات الزيتون، نبات يتوفر بكثرة في ليبيا وله أهمية بحثية واقتصادية كبيرة في المنطقة. تم تصميم تجربة عملية شملت ثلاث مجموعات تعرضت لضوء منخفض (50 ميكرومول/م²/ثانية)، ومتوسط (150 ميكرومول/م²/ثانية)، وعالي (300 ميكرومول/م²/ثانية) لمدة 30 يومًا. تم قياس مؤشرات نمو متعددة تشمل الطول، عدد الأوراق، مساحة الأوراق بالإضافة إلى الوزن الطازج والوزن الجاف للشتلات. كما تم تحديد محتوى الكلوروفيل (أ و ب) لتقييم الحالة الفسيولوجية. أظهرت النتائج أن المجموعة المعرضة لضوء متوسط حققت أداء نموّي وفسيولوجي متميز، حيث بلغت فروق النتائج بينها وبين المجموعتين الأخريين فروقاً إحصائية معنوية (p < 0.001) وفقاً لتحليل التباين واختبار توكي. تستخلص الدراسة بأن شدة الضوء المتوسطة توفر ظروفاً مثالية لتحفيز النمو الأمثل لشتلات الزيتون مع آثار محتملة على تحسين الإنتاجية في البيوت المحمية والزراعة الموجهة في ليبيا.

Least Square Method for Solving Second-Order Eigenvalue Problems with Nonlinear Delay Involves Ordinary Differential Equations with Nonlinear Delay

Huda Farg Alspihe, Hala Ail Shelo — Mon, 07 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The objective of this research is to survey nonlinear eigenvalue problems of the second order with delay, which are considered one of the known expansion methods, involving ordinary differential equations with delay. To solve this type of problem, one of the known expansion methods known as the least squares method, will be advanced.

Artificial Intelligence Technologies and Their Impact on Higher Education in Libya: A Field Study at the University of Benghazi

Mon, 07 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study investigates the impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies on the quality of higher education in Libya, focusing on the University of Benghazi. While AI integration has globally transformed learning through adaptive platforms and automated assessments, Libyan institutions remain constrained by weak infrastructure, limited financial capacity, and insufficient faculty training. This qualitative case study, based on interviews with 18 participants (faculty lecturers, students, and administrators), explores the perceived benefits and obstacles associated with AI adoption. Findings reveal significant improvements in student engagement, assessment efficiency, and academic performance, with AI-supported courses achieving a 15% grade improvement. However, 90% of participants identified internet instability as a primary barrier, and 60% reported insufficient AI-related training. The study proposes policy recommendations, including targeted professional development programs, investment in digital infrastructure, and the formulation of ethical governance frameworks. This Study offers valuable insights for policymakers and educators in Libya’s evolving post-conflict educational landscape, contributing to the global discourse on AI’s role in higher education under resource-constrained contexts.

تقييم استخدام الأسفلت الرغوي في خلطات إعادة التدوير لتحسين الاستدامة في المشاريع الطرق، مع التركيز على الخصائص الفنية والأثر البيئي

م. عبد السلام محمد الطيب موسى — Thu, 10 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0000

استخدام الأسفلت الرغوي حلاً مبتكرًا في إعادة تدوير مواد الطرق، حيث يتم إنتاجه من خلال خلط الأسفلت مع الماء والهواء، مما ينتج رغوة خفيفة الوزن. يُستخدم هذا النوع من الأسفلت في تحسين الاستدامة في مشاريع الطرق من خلال تقليل الحاجة للمواد الجديدة، مما يساهم في تقليل استنزاف الموارد الطبيعية ونفايات البناء. كما يعزز من خصائص الخلطات، مثل المرونة والقدرة على التحمل، مما يؤدي إلى عمر أطول للطرق وتقليل تكاليف الصيانة. يساهم استخدام الأسفلت الرغوي في تخفيف الانبعاثات الكربونية نظرًا لأنه يقلل من الحاجة لتسخين المواد في العمليات التقليدية، مما يوفر الطاقة ويقلل من انبعاثات غازات الاحتباس الحراري. يمكن استخدامه في مجموعة متنوعة من المشاريع، بما في ذلك الطرق السريعة والممرات الحضرية، مما يجعله خيارًا مرنًا وفعّالاً بيئيًا واقتصاديًا. مع ذلك، تواجه هذه التقنية بعض التحديات، مثل نقص المعايير القياسية واختبارات الأداء الدقيقة، مما يستدعي مزيدًا من الأبحاث لتطوير معايير تصميم موحدة وتأكيد فعاليتها في ظروف مختلفة. تشير التجارب الميدانية إلى أن الأسفلت الرغوي يمكن أن يكون فعالًا في تحسين أداء الطرق وتحمل الأحمال الثقيلة، لكنه يتطلب المزيد من الدراسات لضمان جودته وتوحيد المعايير. يُعد دمج المواد المعاد تدويرها في الخلطات باستخدام الأسفلت الرغوي خطوة مهمة نحو تحقيق الاستدامة في مشاريع الطرق، حيث يقلل من التكلفة، يحافظ على الموارد الطبيعية، ويطيل من عمر الخدمة للبنية التحتية.

A Study of the Adsorption Structures of Co Molecule on the MgO (001) Surface

Mahmoud A. Kawan, Moftah A. Ben Yazid, Ahmed A. Awhida — Thu, 10 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Using a Monte Carlo simulation model, the results showed that carbon monoxide (CO) molecules stabilize on the magnesium oxide surface (MgO) in either monolayer or multilayer structures. Each of these configurations has distinct thermal characteristics, which differentiate them in terms of unit cell configuration, number of molecules, tilt angles from the surface, vertical height, adsorption energies, and surface coverage ratios.

The simulation results agreed significantly with previously obtained experimental results. At low temperatures, three configurations of type c(4×2) were identified, with each primitive cell containing six CO molecules. The molecules are predominantly adsorbed vertically over Mg⁺² ions, with a 2:1 ratio of vertical to tilted molecules. The polar angle for tilted molecules was found to be 31°, consistent with Polarization Infrared Reflection Spectroscopy (PIRS) experimental values. Vertical molecules align directly above Mg²⁺ ions, while tilted ones are slightly displaced. The configurations alternate between vertical and tilted molecule rows.

Monte Carlo simulations showed that this configuration remains thermally stable up to approximately 40 K. At this temperature, the p(3×2) configuration appears, accompanied by a decrease in coverage due to the replacement of tilted molecules with vertical ones. Only tilted molecules remain in the monolayer configuration at full coverage, while vertical molecules form in the multilayer arrangement.

Natural Convection in Closed-Sided Inclined Channels

Ahmed Habeb — Sat, 12 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Airflow characteristics due to natural convection heat transfer along an inclined channel have been experimentally studied in the current work. The main object of the study was to investigate the airflow and heat transfer under the variations of uniform of heat flux, aspect ratio and the inclination angle. Four values of heat inputs (5 W, 10 W, 15 W, and 20 W), three different aspect ratios (0.45, 0.55 and 0.65) and three various inclination angles (30°, 45°, and 60°) were all tested on channel measured 0.1m by 0.1m. Extensive analysis was performed resulting to practical outcomes. It was found that mass flow rate increases as the heat input and channel depth (or aspect ratio) increase, but decreases as the inclination angle increases. In addition, the average heat-transfer coefficient increases as the heat input increases, but decreases as the channel depth (or aspect ratio) and inclination angle increase. Dimensionless correlations of two and three independent variables were derived for the Nusselt and Reynolds numbers as a function of modified Rayleigh numbers, aspect ratios and inclination angles.

Implementation of ZVS interleaved booster converter in Electric vehicles with reduced THD

Abubaker Emheisen, Mustafa Emheisen — Sun, 13 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0000

With the increase in global infrastructure, electric vehicles (EVs) are the replacement for many conventional transportation. In recent years, there has been significant development in EV technology to increase efficiency and reduce the THD of the machine. This paper proposes a new converter topology ZVS interleaved booster converter, for traction purposes when connected to the smart grid. The analysis and performance with complete modes of operation is been discussed with a graphical representation of outputs of the DC machine. The modeling and analysis are done using MATLAB Simulink.

تأثير الكثافة النباتية وموعد الحصاد على موضع القرن وجودته لمحصول البازلاء Pisum sativum L. var. Progress No.9

عائشة اللافي, أحمد فاتح عياد, عبد المجيد صالح الزغداني — Tue, 15 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0000

أجريت هذه الدراسة خلال الفترة 2005/2006م. بمحطة المركز الوطني لإكثار وتداول البذور المحسنة بسيدي المصري- طرابلس، ليبيا. بهدف تتبع التأثيرات المختلفة لمسافات الزراعة بين النباتات بداخل الخط الواحد 10و20و30 سم وموعدي الحصاد وموضع القرن والتداخل بينهم في بعض خصائص جودة البذور لمحصول البازلاء للصنف بروجرس رقم.9. أجريت التجربة، وفق تصميم القطاعات العشوائية الكاملة (R.C.B.D)، وبواقع ثلاثة مكررات، ومن هذه الخصائص المدروسة وزن الألف بذرة (جم)، ودرجة التوصيل الكهربائي لمنقوع البذور (ميكروموز/سم/جم)، ونسبة الإنبات، ونسبة البروتين لبذور. بينت نتائج الدراسة إلى وجود تأثيرات معنوية (P≤0.01) لموضع القرن على زيادة وزن الألف بذرة، ونسبة البروتين في الساق الرئيسي مقارنة بالفروع 324.1 و 289.8 جرام، 24.57 و19.25 % على التوالي، وانعكس الحال بالنسبة لدرجة التوصيل الكهربائي لمنقوع البذور قد تأثرت معنوياً (P≤0.05) في الفروع مقارنة بالساق الرئيسي 17.913 و 15.308 ميكروموز/ سم/ جم على التوالي، ولم توضح النتائج وجود تأثيرات معنوية في نسبة الإنبات، وحيث أوضحت النتائج بأن للتداخل بين مسافات الزراعة وموضع القرن تأثيراً معنوياً (P≤0.01)، حيث بلغت أعلى قيمة لوزن الألف بذرة عند التداخلات بين مسافة الزراعة 30 سم في الساق الرئيسي 330.6 جرام مقارنة بالفروع عند مسافتي 10و20سم، وقد لُوحظ أن للتداخل تأثير معنوي (P≤0.05) لانخفاض في نسبة البروتين عند مسافة الزراعة 10 سم بالساق الرئيسي 22.07 %، وأعلى عند مسافتي 20 و 30 سم، والتي كانت 25.83 و 25.80 %على التوالي، وفي حين لم تسجل تأثيرات معنوية بين هاتين مسافتي لموضع القرن في نسبة البروتين، ولم توضح النتائج لوجود تأثيرات معنوية للتداخل بين موعد الحصاد، وموضع القرن، وأيضاً للتداخل بين مسافات الزراعة، وموعد الحصاد، وموضع القرن في جل الخصائص المدروسة.

Multi-Agent system Adaptation for Feature Driven Development Methodology

Khamisa A. Yousef, Huweida A. Darbi — Sat, 19 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This paper presents the integration of Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) with Feature-Driven Development (FDD) methodology, which is an agile methodology that emphasizes client-valued features through well-defined stages. Despite its modularity and scalability, traditional FDD implementations often come down to flexibility and autonomous coordination in complex environments. The paper offers a conceptual model that illustrates how agents interact and align with FDD processes, presenting a new approach to improving flexibility and productivity in software development. The synergy between MAS and FDD can improve prototyping, automate jobs, and expedite requirement collection, leading to higher-quality software and better stakeholder alignment, and ultimately, more successful software projects.

On Fibrewise star topological spaces

Najia Mohammed Alsharrani — Sat, 19 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This paper introduces fibrewise star topological spaces, a new concept in fibrewise topology. We explore their fundamental properties and connections to modern applications, such as adaptive network systems. By studying projections and neighborhood structures in these spaces, we establish key theoretical results while demonstrating their potential for modeling multi-domain problems. The work bridges abstract topology with practical computational frameworks, offering a foundation for future research in compactness, connectedness, and real-world implementations.

Friction Stir Welding Simulation of AA6061-T6 Aluminum Alloy: A SolidWorks-based investigation of lap joint configuration

Nedal Musbah Almeraash, Omar Ahmed Edbeib — Sat, 19 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study presents a detailed simulation-based investigation of Friction Stir Welding (FSW) applied to AA6061-T6 aluminum alloy in a lap joint configuration, utilizing SolidWorks Simulation. Two 150×50×6 mm plates, overlapped by 25 mm, were welded using typical FSW parameters. The simulation revealed a peak temperature of 470°C, significantly below the alloy's melting point, confirming solid-state welding. Mechanical analyses showed a safe von Mises stress of 137 MPa, an ultimate tensile strength of 240 MPa (77% of the base material), and minimal deformation of approximately 0.18 mm. These outcomes demonstrate FSW’s ability to produce strong, defect-free joints without melting and validate SolidWorks as a reliable tool for simulating heat flow and stress distribution in the FSW process.

المصفوفات الضبابية وبعض خواصها الجبرية

فاطمة المبروك سليمان, زينب أحمد خليفة زوليه — Sat, 26 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0000

تهدف هذه الورقة إلى استعراض مفهوم المصفوفات الضبابية وبعض خواصها الجبرية الأساسية. تم تعريف المصفوفة الضبابية كتعميم للمصفوفات التقليدية، حيث تكون عناصرها قيمًا ضبابية تعبر عن درجات الانتماء بدلًا من القيم الثنائية (0 أو 1). تتناول هذه الورقة بعض العمليات الجبرية على المصفوفات الضبابية مثل الجمع والضرب تحت الجبر الضبابي max-min، والمصفوفة الصفرية ومصفوفة الوحدة، بالإضافة إلى بعض الخصائص الجبرية المتعلقة بها. تبرز أهمية المصفوفات الضبابية في نمذجة الأنظمة التي تحتوي على عدم يقين أو غموض وتطبيقاتها في مجالات متنوعة مثل الذكاء الاصطناعي ونظم التحكم ومعالجة الصور وغيرها.

Evaluation of the Antibacterial Activity of Various Spice Extracts Commonly Consumed in the Libyan Diet

Sun, 27 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Spices have long been used in cooking to improve the taste of food. This study investigated the antibacterial properties of six different spices, using both water-based and alcohol-based extracts. The spices examined were black pepper, red pepper, cardamom, turmeric, caraway, and coriander seeds. The current study tested these extracts against three types of bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus (a Gram-positive bacterium), as well as Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (both Gram-negative). The results showed that ethanol (alcohol) extracts of the spices significantly reduced the growth of all three bacteria tested (p < 0.05). When ranking the antibacterial effectiveness of the six spices, coriander was the most effective, followed by turmeric, caraway, black pepper, cardamom, and finally red pepper. Among the water-based extracts, caraway stood out for its particularly strong antibacterial action. Interestingly, red pepper extract was especially potent against P. aeruginosa, while extracts of cardamom, black pepper, and turmeric did not inhibit bacterial growth in some cases. Generally, the spices showing the best antibacterial effects were coriander, caraway, red pepper, black pepper, turmeric, and cardamom. Notably, there was no significant difference in antibacterial effectiveness between the two types of extracts (p > 0.05). Overall, the findings suggest that these six spices have the potential to combat bacteria effectively. Of the bacteria tested, P. aeruginosa was the most sensitive to the spice extracts, followed by E. coli, whereas S. aureus was the most resistant. These results indicate that these common spices could offer a safe and natural alternative for treating bacterial infections in the future.

دراسة تحسين دقة تحديد المواقع الداخلية عبر Wi-Fi RSSI باستخدام تقنيات معالجة البيانات وخوارزميات التعلم الآلي: دراسة تجريبية لبيئة تعليمية بكلية العلوم التقنية - مصراتة CTSM

محمود محمد محمد الصغير, عبد العزيز محمود سليمان سويب — Thu, 31 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0000

تكتسب أنظمة تحديد المواقع الداخلية (IPS) أهمية متزايدة في التطبيقات التي تتطلب تتبعا دقيقا داخل المباني. تعتمد العديد من هذه الأنظمة على تقنية بصمة قوة إشارة Wi-Fi المستقبلة RSSI Wi-Fi Received Signal Strength Indicator لقدرتها على الاستفادة من البنية التحتية اللاسلكية الموجودة. تعد خوارزمية K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) شائعة الاستخدام. لكن دقتها تتأثر بتقلبات RSSI . تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى تحسين أداء تحديد المواقع الداخلية في الطابق الأول لمبنى كلية العلوم التقنية – مصراتة بمساحة تبلغ (43.24 متر * 66.71 متر) باستخدام 13 نقطة وصول بمواقعها الأصلية. تم تطبيق تطبيع Z-score على بيانات RSSI باستخدام نموذج التظليل اللوغاريتمي للمسافة. تمت مقارنة أداء خوارزمية KNN التقليدية مع نسخة محسنة تعتمد على الترجيح (Weighted KNN - WKNN) عبر قيم مختلفة للمعامل K ( عدد الجيران الأقرب ). أظهرت النتائج أن القيمة المثلى K=9 تحقق أفضل متوسط خطأ في المسافة (MDE) لكلا الخوارزميتين بعد التطبيع. حققت WKNN تحسنا طفيفا مقارنة بـ KNN حيث بلغ MDE حوالي 3.28 متر لـ WKNN مقابل 3.31متر لـ KNN عند K=9 . كما أظهرت WKNN دقة أعلى بشكل طفيف ضمن هوامش خطأ مختلفة ( مثل 56% مقابل 55% ضمن 3 أمتار ، و 83% مقابل 82% ضمن 5 أمتار ). يساهم العمل في تقييم و تطبيق أنظمة تحديد مواقع داخلية أكثر كفاءة و موثوقية في البيئات التعليمية.

Design and Implementation of Computer Numerical Controlled Milling Machine for Printed Circuit Board Fabrication

Zakaria Abdulftah Aldeeb, Abdulhamed Mohamed Hwas — Thu, 31 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0000

For several years, printed circuit board fabrication manufacturing has been using acid etching to build electronic boards. However, the evolution of technology required more delicate and precise board schematic diagrams, at the same time Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machines were also improving over the years and proved their accuracy and preciseness. Therefore, the combination of the CNC machine and milling head can achieve precise engraving for the printed circuit board diagram with promising results. This project introduces the basic steps to building a CNC milling machine for a printed circuit board.

Building a CNC machine requires a combination of mechanical, electrical, and computer-controlled systems. In this project, a frame of the machine is designed using aluminum and 3D printed parts, and stress analysis for the machine frame is proposed. Mechanical motors, bearings, and other parts are selected to meet the machine's requirements. Open-source software programs are used to operate the machine based on the computer-designed diagram model. Then, milling was performed on the single-sided copper-clad sheet to construct an electronic circuit to evaluate the machine's performance. Test results confirmed that the machine operated smoothly and consistently as required.

The effect study of air temperature on the thermal performance of gas-turbine unit at Zawia power plant

Wesam M. Esharif, Basmah A. Aldeeb, Mohammed Q. Bahmi — Thu, 07 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0000

In this paper, the thermal performance of a gas turbine unit at Zawia combined cycle power plant was evaluated for the months of January and June, to determine the extent to which it is affected by the ambient air temperature. The 25% mist water injection technology was used in this plant to verify its effectiveness in enhancing the thermal performance of June by cooling the air entering the compressor. The thermal performance of the plant for the month of June was also compared before and after using the fogging water injection technique.

Initially, some thermodynamic variables were calculated, including: thermal efficiency, total electrical efficiency, and exhaust gas flow rate, based on the average ambient air temperatures for the months of January and June, 16^oC and 45^oC, respectively. The results indicate that the thermal efficiency and total electrical efficiency of the unit increase with decreasing air temperature; In January, they reached 39.8% and 36.2%, respectively, while in June they reached 39.15% and 28.76%, respectively. The results showed that using Fogging technology in the summer (June) enhances the thermal performance -power generation and the efficiency- of the gas turbines unit. It is clear from the data measured for June that the use of the fogging cooling system leads to an increase in the overall electrical efficiency of the unit by 5.24%, a decrease in the specific fuel consumption (S.F.C.) by 0.048kg/kw.hr, and the net-work (W_net) of kJ/kg is 6.3. Also, the decrease in the compressor inlet temperature from 318.15K to 301.6K leads to a decrease in the outlet temperature from 716K to 687K, which is a decrease of 4.1%.

The Impact of Management Information Systems on Decision-Making Quality in Emerging Companies

Taher Ali Taher Brideh, Amer Salem Ali Salem — Mon, 11 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Management Information Systems (MIS) combine people, processes, data and technology to provide timely, relevant information for organizational decision-making. This paper examines how MIS deployment can improve decision-making quality in emerging companies, which often lack mature information processes. Emerging firms frequently handle data in basic ways and have limited information access. We review literature on MIS functions and decision processes, and present examples showing MIS benefits. A case study of a small enterprise reported that implementing an MIS reduced report generation time by 21.2% and eliminated manual errors. High-quality, timely information from MIS is shown to improve decision speed and accuracy. The paper includes data-driven diagrams and charts, and discusses practical experiences from industry. Our findings suggest that even in resource-constrained emerging companies, MIS can significantly enhance the efficiency and quality of managerial decisions.

Investigation of even-even (〖Ra〗^(220-224))(〖Rn〗^(220-224))(〖Th〗^(220-224)) isobars within the IBM-2 and IVBM

Dalenda M. Nasef, Mariam I. Al-twairy, Asma A. Elbendag — Tue, 12 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0000

In this study, we determined the most appropriate limit using the IBM-2 model and the IVBM model that is needed for present calculations of isobars . To determine the characteristics of each isotope inside the aforementioned isobars, we computed energy levels ‎and compared the outcomes with the experimental data, and then the values of the ratio , the E-GOS curve, and the ratio were adopted. From these values it was possible to determine the dynamic symmetries of each isotope, since ( were classified as having O(6) symmetry, while the isobars ( have X(5) symmetry, the isobars ( ) and ( ) have E(5) symmetry, and the has U(5) symmetry. The phenomenon of back bending of these isobars, which was all unbinding, was studied.

Study of the Concentration of Some Pollutants in reject brine from Water Purification Plants in Tajoura, Libya

Tue, 12 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The study was conducted in Tajoura (21 km east of Tripoli) from the end of December 2022. Fourteen samples were collected from various stations in the study area. After conducting the necessary analyses and comparing the results with international standards, it was discovered that most of the stations examined exceeded the permitted limits for treated wastewater. The total dissolved salts in the wastewater ranged between 286.3 and 11,286.7 mg/L, while the concentration in the well water varied from 70 to 6,545 mg/L. Additionally, chloride concentrations in the water were found to be as high as 6,742.6 mg/L, with a sodium concentration of 1,719.0 mg/L. These results clearly show that wastewater from water purification plants is a significant source of environmental pollution due to its high pollutant concentration. Therefore, it is crucial for the relevant authorities to monitor the stations and require the implementation of treatment units to process the wastewater generated by these plants before it is released into the environment. This is important because the damage caused by these pollutants to the environment highlights the need to consider the environmental aspect when establishing water purification plants. Consequently, environmental impact assessments should be conducted during the planning process, appropriate technologies should be selected, and environmentally friendly materials should be utilized in the operation of these stations.

The impact of Text Representation on Classification Accuracy

Mona Ali Mohammed, Reem.Abdalhadi Alsunousi, Anwar Alhenshiri — Tue, 12 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0000

People gladly use social media to express their opinions. Emotional techniques of analysis sometimes capacitate community to harness the treasure of significant data that is included in unstructured social media information. We must ensure that the dataset is a high-quality one before the design and deployment of machine learning models. However, to run ML algorithms on text data we need to convert the content into numerical representations by one of the text representation methods during the data preprocessing stage. This study explores the usage of eight text representation methods with three ML models evaluated on a Twitter sentiment classification dataset. In particular, the experiments aim to test the impact of text length in the results classification. For this reason, the experiments were conducted with different ranges of text lengths. However, to run the experiments and evaluate the results we use common classification algorithms which include: Logistic Regression, Naïve Bayes, and Support Vector Machines. The results showed that the best performance for all models was when using Count Vectorizer to represent the text with N-gram range (2,3,4), respectively, followed by TF-IDF, while Doc2Vec, Word2Vec, and GloVe performed averagely. For the text length, the model’s performance decreases as the text length increases with all models. It was also noted that Doc2Vec, Word2Vec, and GloVe kept the performance of the models despite the change in text length and generally gave average accuracy compared to Count Vectorizer. However, the SVM classifier has surpassed all the other techniques in the whole experiment.

Design, Simulation, and Implementation of a Dual-Layer Perforated Partially Reflective Surface for Gain and Bandwidth Enhancement of Dielectric Patch Antenna Arrays

Muftah Mohamed Asaadi, Khaled Mohamed Eshteiwi — Tue, 12 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The proposal, simulation, and experimental validation of a partially reflected surface applied over a high-density dielectric patch antenna array are presented. In order to improve the antenna bandwidth and gain, a partially reflective surface (PRS) is designed. By creating a positive reflection phase gradient with high reflectivity, these holey dielectric substrates are designed to enhance the antenna system's electromagnetic performance. A partially reflective surface (PRS) made up of two thin, perforated dielectric substrates is used as a superstrate in the suggested design to increase the antenna's gain and bandwidth. The effective permittivity of the dielectric superstrate is considerably altered by the addition of regularly spaced circular holes inside the PRS layers. The suggested arrangement makes use of smaller substrates, which helps to increase the operational bandwidth, in contrast to traditional designs, where the superstrate thickness usually equal to a quarter dielectric wavelength. A 3 dB gain bandwidth of 22% over the frequency range of 24.5 to 30.7 GHz was achieved. The antenna has a high simulated radiation efficiency of 92% along with a measured flat gain of roughly 16 dBi across this spectrum. Furthermore, the side lobe levels continue to be below -11 dB in the E-plane and -17 dB in the H-plane, demonstrating that unwanted radiation is effectively suppressed.

Biofilm Production and Antimicrobial Resistance in Clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolates: An Integrated Analysis with Clinical and Therapeutic Implications

Sat, 16 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a major opportunistic pathogen in healthcare settings, notorious for biofilm-mediated antimicrobial resistance (AMR) that significantly complicates clinical management. This cross-sectional study comprehensively analyzed biofilm formation and AMR profiles in 80 clinical P. aeruginosa isolates from diverse infection sites at Misurata Medical Centre (2023–2024). Biofilm production was assessed using Congo Red Agar (CRA), Crystal Violet Tube (CVT), and Microtiter Plate (MTP) assays. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined via Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) disc diffusion. The MTP assay demonstrated superior sensitivity, detecting 65% strong biofilm producers, with a significant association between strong biofilm production and multidrug resistance (MDR, 72.4%, p < 0.001). Resistance was highest to levofloxacin (45%), ceftazidime (42.5%), and imipenem (28.7%). These data reinforce global trends and highlight biofilm-targeting therapies as urgent clinical priorities. The study advocates routine biofilm detection and innovative anti-biofilm interventions to combat MDR P. aeruginosa infections.

A Hybrid Forecasting Methodology: Statistical-Neural Fusion for Electricity Demand Prediction

Yosef Mohemmed Abolkasem, M. K. Jalboub — Sat, 16 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Accurate electricity demand forecasting is crucial for efficient planning and operation of electrical systems, necessitating the integration of diverse demographic, economic, statistical, and engineering data through advanced methodologies to mitigate risks of under or over-investment , this imperative is recognized as a multifaceted problem requiring diverse techniques , this study addresses the complex, non-linear nature of long-term electrical energy loads by designing and developing an advanced hybrid forecasting methodology termed "Statistical-Neural Fusion," which aligns with the need for robust deep learning frameworks, this hierarchical approach utilizes a Level 0 "Statistical Expert" (Multiple Linear Regression model) to capture initial linear relationships and generate a "Smart Feature" forecast based on historical data including Year, Population, and Gross Domestic Product (GDP), considering demand determinants. Subsequently, a Level 1 "Mastermind" (Integrated Neural Network, specifically an MLP) refines and corrects this initial forecast by learning complex, non-linear patterns from an enhanced dataset comprising both original inputs and the "Smart Feature," aligning with the understanding of demand forecasting over various time scales , this method was applied to forecast energy production and maximum load for the national electricity grid up to 2034, relying on a comprehensive database of historical operational, demographic, and economic data.

Rising Caesarean Section Rates in Bani Walid: Incidence and Underlying Causes

Zohra S. Algadhi — Sat, 16 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The global rise in cesarean deliveries (CDs) has become a significant public health concern due to its implications on maternal and neonatal outcomes, healthcare costs, and resource utilization. This paper explores the causes and incidence trends of cesarean deliveries and reviews common medical and non-medical indications. A cross-sectional study was conducted from 2018 to 2023 at Bani Walid General Hospital, where data were collected from a hundred randomly selected pregnant women using a structured, self-developed questionnaire. The questionnaire included demographic data and questions related to obstetric history and health conditions influencing delivery mode. Data analysis was performed using Microsoft Excel. This research seeks to provide valuable insights into the factors influencing surgical deliveries in this region.

Impact of HbA1c, Blood Pressure, and Cholesterol on Ocular Complications in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Clinical Analytical Study from Libya

Marai A.Mohamed El-khajkhaj, Ebtisam Elgazwi, Esraa Alshary, Miami Al-Mzaini — Sun, 17 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a major chronic condition globally and increasingly prevalent in Libya. Among its systemic complications, ocular disorders such as cataract, retinal detachment, and internal retinal hemorrhage pose significant risks to vision. This study evaluated the association between HbA1c, blood pressure (BP), and cholesterol levels with diabetic eye complications in Libyan patients. Data were obtained via electronic surveys distributed through the Libyan Diabetes Association and supplemented with clinical records from endocrinology centers.

Patients were categorized into groups with and without retinopathy, including specific subtypes. Laboratory measurements were conducted using standardized devices (Mindray BS-240, Hemo One ISE). The findings revealed a strong association between elevated HbA1c (≥9%), high BP (>160/90 mmHg), and serum cholesterol (>200 mg/dL) with the occurrence of ocular complications. Cataract cases showed progressive metabolic deterioration, while retinal detachment and internal hemorrhage were more pronounced in those with combined dysregulation.

Interestingly, patients without eye complications maintained stable metabolic parameters, highlighting the protective effect of early and integrated control. Gender-based differences in internal hemorrhage suggested possible physiological influences beyond chronic markers.

The results reinforce the need for comprehensive diabetic care models incorporating glycemic, cardiovascular, and lipid monitoring. Community organizations like the Libyan Diabetes Association play a key role in data collection, patient education, and screening. The study advocates for multi-specialty collaboration and the implementation of national preventive frameworks to reduce diabetes-related visual loss.

Performance Evaluation of Spring Boot Framework targeting pertinence for high demanding systems

Adnan Elsherif, Ibrahim Ramadan, Ali Aburas — Sun, 17 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The proliferation of internet connected devices, such as smartphones, tablets, and laptops, has driven demand for distributed applications, necessitating scalable and cost-effective solutions. Cloud computing has emerged as a critical enabler for organizations to deliver services remotely, prompting the development of specialized frameworks to support distributed architectures. However, such frameworks may introduce performance overhead, particularly for high-demand services. This study evaluates the Spring Boot framework, a Java-based API development tool, by implementing a foreign exchange (Forex) server capable of processing currency buy/sell transactions online. The system leverages key framework features, including user authentication and synchronous/asynchronous messaging. To assess performance, the server is profiled using JProfiler, with latency measured by instrumenting framework-related components with time triggers. Stress testing via JMeter includes two experimental scenarios: simulating scalability under increasing user load (1,000 to 10,000 users with 500,000 total requests), and varying request intensity under fixed user load (1,000 users with 100 to 900 requests per user). Findings quantify Spring Boot’s performance overhead and its impact on throughput and latency. We discuss implications for adopting the framework in high-demand distributed systems, offering actionable conclusions for developers and architects.

Engineering properties of concrete made with GGBS and pulverised fuel ash

Mansour Ebailila, Khaled Ehwailat, Saleh Ben Lamma, Muftah Aljoat — Mon, 18 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The utilisation of supplementary cementitious byproducts, including ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) and pulverised fuel ash (PFA) as a part of cement in concrete technology, has received great attention in recent years. This paper delineates the influence of using GGBS and PFA as a cement substitute on the physico-mechanical characteristics of concrete. To do so, different concrete formulations were compositionally blended at water to cement ratio of 0.5, and a fixed blending proportion of 1 cement: 2 sands: 3 aggregates. Subsequently, multi-scale analyses entailing the slump, density, compressive strength, tensile strength test were performed to assess their performance. Correspondingly, the results revealed an increase in consistency as a result of incorporating GGBS or PFA as a 60% cement substitution, especially for concrete formulation rich in GGBS. As for the strength observations, it was indicated that using GGBS and PFA induced a reduced UCS, particularly in at earlier curing age, but such a decrease was compensated at longer curing period. As for the TSS performance, the results showed that GGBS-based concrete yielded a superior TSS at 28 days, while PFA induced a gradual TSS reduction as the PFA content increased. These promising outcomes suggest the possibility of developing sustainable concrete by incorporating high amount of GGBS and PFA, providing an attractive way for preserving the environment from the impact of cement manufacturing.

Interactions of Transition Metal Ions with DNA: A Review of AFM and FTIR Studies for Structural Insights and Nanostructures Fabrication

Mon, 18 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0000

DNA possesses a diverse a range of chemical functionalities that allow it to interact with transition metal ions, influencing its structural stability and serving as a valuable template for nanostructure fabrication. This review focuses on the application of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) to explore these interactions. FTIR offers molecular-level insights into how metal ions coordinate with phosphate groups and nitrogenous bases, while AFM visualizes the resulting nanoscale changes in DNA morphology. Investigations of metal ions such as Cu²⁺, Ag⁺, Ni²⁺, Co²⁺, Fe²⁺, Zn²⁺, and Rh³⁺ reveal varying binding behaviors, structural impacts, and potential applications. A comparative analysis of Cu(II) and Ag(I) interactions with DNA demonstrates that copper can cause significant structural disruption and oxidative damage, whereas silver selectively binds to guanine and adenine without inducing major conformational changes. The combined application of FTIR and AFM provides a comprehensive understanding of DNA–metal ion interactions, supporting their use in biosensing, nanowire fabrication, DNA-templated nanoparticles, and the development of metal-based therapeutic agents.

تأثير المستخلص المائي لنبات البابونج(Matricaria chamomilla L.) الصحراوي أو الفلية على وظائف الكلى في الأرانب

Mon, 18 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0000

تم إجراء هذه الدراسة بهدف تقييم تأثير المستخلص المائي لنبات البابونج على وظائف الكلى في الأرانب المحلية تحت ظروف فصل الربيع لمدينة سرت. حيث تم تقسيم 27 أرنبًا بعمر 8 -12 أسبوع. وبوزن جسم ( 700 – 800 جرام) عشوائيًا إلى 3 مجموعات. المجموعة الأولى سميت الكنترول أو الشاهد. وهي الأرانب التي قُدم لها ماء شرب بدون إضافات. بينما في المجموعتين الثانية و الثالثة تلقت الأرانب مستخلص البابونج المائي بتركيزين 4 و 6 مل/لتر من ماء الشرب على التوالي. حيث قسمت المجموعات الثلاثة الى ثلاثة مكررات لكل مجموعه وكل مكررة تحتوي على ثلاثة ارانب.

استمرت مدة التجربة 34 يوم بعد حوالي أسبوع اقلمة على المستخلص المائي . وكان ماء الشرب متاحاً طوال مدة التجربة. كما كان الغذاء متوفر بشكل دائم وهو عبارة عن مخلوط ( قمح + شعير + نخالة + تبن + ملح) وفي نهاية التجربة تم سحب عينات الدم من الأذن لبعض الحيوانات ومن بطين القلب للحيوانات الأخرى بمعدل 3مل دم لكل ارنب. نقلت العينات في حافظة بها ثلج الى المختبر لأجراء التحاليل المطلوبة. وبعد ادخال البيانات المتحصل عليها من المختبرالى برنامج التحليل الاحصائي spss عند مستوى معنوية ≤ 0.05.

أظهرت النتائج انه في المجموعات الثانية والثالثة مقارنةً بمجموعة الشاهد أدت إضافة مستخلص البابونج بمستويات 4 مل و6 مل/لتر إلى ماء الشرب للأرانب إلى رفع تركيز اليوريا والكرياتينين في الدم حيث كانت اكثر ارتفاعاً في المعاملة الثانية وبعد ذلك في المعاملة الثالثة. بينما كانت نسبة الصوديوم اعلى في المعاملة الثانية والكنترول منها في المعاملة الثالثة. بينما كان الفرق بين نتائج البوتاسيوم <0.05 .

نستنتج من هذه الدراسة إن إضافة مستخلص البابونج المائي (4 أو 6 مل/لتر) إلى مياه الشرب للأرانب النامية تحت درجات الحرارة المتوسطة 25°م والمرتفعة 39°م له تأثير معنوي غير ضار على وظائف الكلى مقارنةً بالكنترول. بينما كان الفرق بين نتائج البوتاسيوم <0.05 .

Van Kampen Diagrams and Pictures: Definitions, Operations, and Conversions

Salima Mohamed Khader, Sanaa Ahmed Alshhomi — Mon, 18 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Van Kampen diagrams are an important and powerful tool in many areas of mathematics and engineering. These diagrams are used to visually and intuitively represent the relationships and interactions between different elements, making complex structures easier to understand and analyze. Van Kampen diagrams are distinguished by their ability to analyze structures consisting of multiple elements and identify common points between them.

In this paper, we initially explained Van Kampen diagrams and showed two ways of finding them. Subsequently, we explained Van Kampen pictures and demonstrated four ways of obtaining them. Finally, using various methods, we were able to show how these diagrams can be converted into pictures and vice versa.

Hypothyroidism and Its Association with Delayed Pregnancy and Hormonal Imbalances in Women of the Jabal al AKhder Region

Saliha Gadalla Alsanosy Abdulsayid, Saada Saleh Abdulgader Ali — Wed, 20 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This cross-sectional study investigated the impact of hypothyroidism on female fertility, defined as the capacity to establish a clinical pregnancy. Given the significant prevalence of hypothyroidism (estimated at 2-4%) among women of reproductive age, this research was conducted in the Green Mountain region of Libya between August 2024 and February 2025. A cohort of 100 women aged 18-45 years was recruited from hospitals and private clinics in Al-Bayda, Shahat, Derna, Al-Qubbah, and Ain Mara. Serum concentrations of prolactin, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), triiodothyronine (T3), and thyroxine (T4) were quantified.

The study population comprised 60 hypothyroid patients exhibiting subfertility and 40 healthy controls. Analysis revealed significantly elevated (p<0.05) TSH and prolactin levels in hypothyroid patients compared to controls. Conversely, total T4, T3, LH, and FSH levels were significantly reduced (p<0.05) in the patient group. Alterations in the FSH/LH ratio were observed, potentially associated with diminished estrogen levels and ovulatory dysfunction in hypothyroidism. Sustained minimal estrogen concentrations may underlie the prevalent menorrhagia reported in this cohort. Additionally, hypothyroid patients demonstrated a higher propensity for overweight compared to controls. These findings underscore the significant association between hypothyroidism, reproductive hormone dysregulation, and impaired fertility in women.

A Comparative Epidemiological-Pathology Study Regarding the incidence of Gall Ball Stone

Thu, 21 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This retrospective epidemiological study, conducted at Al Jala Hospital in Benghazi, Libya, from 2020 to 2023, investigated the incidence of gallstone disease in relation to age and gender. The study also included a comparative pathological analysis of normal gallbladder tissue from healthy individuals and abnormal tissue from patients with gallbladder cancer.

A total of 886 patients with gallstones, aged 18 to 65 years, were included in the study. The majority were female (83%), with males making up the remaining 17%. Results demonstrated a strong association between gallstone formation and age, with the highest incidence observed in the 36–45 age group. Notably, a significant increase in cases was also found among younger individuals (18–36 years) in the final year of the study. The gender-specific nature of the disease was evident, with females showing a much higher prevalence of 86% compared to males.

In conclusion, the study affirms that females are more susceptible to gallstone formation than males, and that the incidence of this condition has been rising among younger age groups in recent years. These findings underscore the need for targeted health strategies to address the growing prevalence of gallstone disease, particularly among high-risk populations.

A Comprehensive Examination of Shadow Derivations in Spherically Symmetric Black Holes: From Synge's Historical Insights to Modern Methodologies

Mohamed Emtir Al- Fergani Ali — Thu, 21 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The present work constitutes an erudite discussion of a precise derivation of shadows for spherically symmetric black holes. A concise overview of the historical Synge solution is also furnished, accompanied by a thorough exposition of the contemporary methodology that can be employed with more intricate metrics. The methodology will subsequently be applied to a selection of the most significant black hole solutions. The present work provides a thoroughgoing analysis of black hole shadows for spherically symmetric solutions, with a particular focus on the Schwarzschild and Reissner-Nordström (anti-)de Sitter metrics. The study commences with a historical overview of Synge's pioneering work on the escape of photons from gravitationally intense stars, which laid the foundation for understanding black hole shadows. This employs the technique of Lagrange formalism in order to derive the constants of motion and the trajectory equation for photons within spherically symmetric geometries. This approach facilitates the efficient computation of shadows by determining the turning points of photon orbits and the angular radius of the shadow. The methodology is applied to the Schwarzschild, Reissner-Nordström, and Reissner-Nordström-Kottler solutions, revealing the dependence of the shadow on the black hole's charge and the cosmological constant. The subsequent discourse herein entails an exhaustive examination of its relationship to the frequently employed concepts of escape cone and critical impact parameter. Moreover, the impact of gravitational collapse as well as plasma on the shadow of a black hole is a concomitant consideration in this theoretical framework.

Assessment of Patient Skin Dose During Routine X-ray Procedures in Selected Libyan Healthcare Facilities

Abtisam A . Alakrout, Retaj F. Kamouka, Aisha M. Shamaka — Thu, 21 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Medical use of X-rays is one of the largest sources of human radiation exposure today, with an equivalent dose of 3 mSv, compared to 2.4 mSv from natural background radiation. The risk of cancer induction exists within these dose levels, necessitating the avoidance of excessive radiation exposure and the use of doses higher than required for specific examinations. Therefore, estimating the Entrance Surface Dose (ESD) for patients undergoing X-ray examinations is crucial for radiation protection.

Materials and Methods: This study aimed to assess patients' skin exposure to radiation during routine radiographic examinations for five selected procedures in four healthcare facilities in Libya. The examinations included chest (PA, LAT), lumbar spine (AP, LAT), foot (AP, LAT), hand (AP, LAT), and knee (AP, PA, LAT). The study involved 169 patients, with a mean age of 42 ± 15 years, a mean weight of 74 ± 12 kg, and a mean height of 1.68 ± 0.08 m. The radiation dose for participants was estimated by determining the X-ray tube output (kVp) and imaging factors, such as patient weight, height, exposure time, and tube current.

Results: The mean ESD (mGy) for each examination was as follows: Chest: 1.58 ± 0.30, Lumbar spine: 13.8 ± 7.5, Foot: 1.65 ± 0.28, Hand: 1.58 ± 0.19, Knee: 3.58 ± 0.59.

Conclusion: The study concluded that patient exposure to radiation during routine radiographic examinations is inevitable. Therefore, it is essential to regularly review patient doses to achieve the ALARA (As Low as Reasonably Achievable) principle, ensuring that doses remain as low as possible without compromising diagnostic quality. This study provided essential baseline information on patient radiation dose levels in the assessed healthcare facilities. A significant variation in dose values for the same examination was observed, attributed to differences in examination techniques, radiographers' proficiency, and patient weight. The study also emphasizes the importance of radiation protection programs in diagnostic radiology, effective quality control, and establishing reference dose levels in these healthcare facilities.

Design of a heat pipe for spacecraft cooling

Mesbah M. Salem, A. M. Elmabruk — Thu, 21 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study presents a comprehensive design and performance evaluation of a heat pipe system intended for spacecraft thermal regulation under extreme environmental conditions. Utilizing the principles of thermodynamics, fluid dynamics, and heat transfer, the proposed design incorporates ammonia as the working fluid and employs an aluminum container with a stainless-steel wick structure. The design methodology addresses critical performance constraints such as capillary, boiling, sonic, viscous, and entrainment limits, ensuring reliable operation in microgravity. Analytical modeling and thermal resistance calculations were performed to assess heat transport capacity and temperature distribution across the pipe. The design achieves a minimum heat transfer rate of 15 W over a 1-meter pipe length, maintaining temperature control between 0 °C and 80 °C. Practical considerations related to material compatibility, structural integrity, and geometric limitations were also examined. The results confirm that the proposed heat pipe configuration satisfies the thermal management requirements for satellite applications and offers a lightweight, efficient, and reliable solution for spaceborne systems.

Phenological of Quercus coccifera L. trees in Al-Jabel Al-Akhder region, Libya

Amel Fathi Tashani, Saleh Attia Bogarsa, Saad Mohamed Saad — Sun, 24 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study examined how climatic and soil factors influenced the phenological of Quercus coccifera L. at different altitudes Lamlouda, Arqoub Al-Abyad, and Sidi Khaled in Al-Jabel Al-Akhder region, Libya during 2022–2023. In 2022, warmer temperatures and higher rainfall in Lamlouda correlated with earlier bud emergence (25 Feb) and acorn ripening (4 Oct). Conversely, cooler and drier conditions in Arqoub Al-Abyad were associated with delayed bud break (8 Mar) and prolonged flowering (up to 12 May in 2023). Relative humidity influenced flowering duration, with higher values in 2023 at Lamlouda coinciding with compact flowering periods, while moderate humidity in Arqoub Al-Abyad extended flowering. Solar radiation, though similar between sites, was higher in 2023 and may have accelerated bud and fruit development across all locations. Soil properties also played a role: higher organic matter in Sidi Khaled coincided with later bud emergence but balanced flowering, while elevated salinity, phosphorus, and nitrogen in Arqoub Al-Abyad were linked to extended reproductive phases but delayed fruit maturation. Higher potassium in Lamlouda corresponded with earlier and faster fruit ripening. These findings suggest that warmer, wetter conditions combined with favorable soil fertility (high potassium and moderate salinity) promote earlier phenological events, whereas cooler, drier climates with high salinity and nutrient imbalance delay developmental stages but may extend flowering periods Integrated management of climate adaptation strategies and soil nutrient optimization is recommended to enhance productivity and reproductive success of Q. coccifera in variable Mediterranean environments.