African Journal of Advanced Pure and Applied Sciences (AJAPAS) https://aaasjournals.com/index.php/ajapas <p><strong>African Journal of Advanced Pure and Applied Sciences (AJAPAS)</strong> is an international, multi-disciplinary, peer-reviewed and open-access journal that enhances research in all fields of basic and applied sciences through the publication of high-quality articles that describe significant and novel works; and advance knowledge in a diversity of scientific fields.</p> <p>The <strong>AJAPAS</strong> is owned and published by the African Academy of Advanced Studies (<strong><a href="https://www.aaasweb.com/">AAAS</a></strong>). <strong><a href="https://www.aaasweb.com/">AAAS</a></strong> is the African Academy of Advanced Studies. (<strong><a href="https://www.aaasweb.com/">AAAS</a></strong>) is an academic publisher of open access peer reviewed journals. It publishes all relevant research papers in relevant journals, including economics, business management, social sciences, education, English literature, medical science, technology, agriculture science, life science, math, engineering, computer and electronics, biology, physics, etc. All our journals are international and published every month<strong>.</strong></p> <p><strong>AJAPAS</strong> welcomes the submission of articles from all aspects of basic and applied science (Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Geology and Mathematics), Environmental Science, agriculture, engineering, information technology, petroleum and biomedical sciences from cross-disciplinary fields.</p> <p>Presently, <strong>AJAPAS</strong> is publishing one volume, with 4 issues per year (each issue including about 10-20 articles). All accepted articles are granted free online immediately after publication (doesn't have article processing charges) and the journal doesn't have article submission charges, which permits its users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of its articles, thus facilitating access to a broad readership.</p> <p><strong>Download important files:</strong></p> <p><strong><a title="AJAPAS manuscript template" href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1qI0g0DClI1RnWXyKHTElzaYR1V-UE7hg/edit?usp=share_link&amp;ouid=101738608010581765457&amp;rtpof=true&amp;sd=true" target="_blank" rel="noopener">- AJAPAS manuscript template in English</a></strong></p> <p><a title="AJAPAS manuscript template in Arabic" href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1F4Pl3tYkHwe5i68IJxu4-3jF1nLOmKBf/edit?usp=share_link&amp;ouid=101738608010581765457&amp;rtpof=true&amp;sd=true" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>- AJAPAS manuscript template in Arabic</strong></a></p> <p><a title="Author’s Declaration Form of AJAPAS" href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1N5BcsZCgN2uT_PUXhAvINadWpFWG6HTo/view?usp=share_link" target="_blank" rel="noopener">- <strong>Author’s Declaration Form of AJAPAS</strong></a></p> <p>.</p> en-US ajapas.editor@gmail.com (Asst. Prof. Dr. Abdussalam Ali Ahmed) hamzakhlifa2009@gmail.com (Dr. Hamza Khalifa) Sun, 05 Jan 2025 19:54:39 +0000 OJS 3.3.0.11 http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss 60 Harmonic Solutions to Solve Complex Algebraic Equations https://aaasjournals.com/index.php/ajapas/article/view/1073 <p>Complex algebraic equations are a fundamental topic in mathematics, requiring the use of multiple techniques to solve them. These technologies include Simplifying, multiplying by reciprocals, and many other different methods, which is used to analyze equations and extract the required variables. Through this study, which aims to enhance students’ understanding of the basic concepts in algebra, including algebraic operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, and how to apply them in solving equations, in addition to developing students’ level in solving complex algebraic equations using...? Combinatorial solutions and developing exploration and criticism skills through analyzing mathematical problems. Through a methodology that relied on several different methodologies, including the descriptive methodology in describing and defining complex algebraic equations and combinatorial solutions, and the quantitative methodology in collecting data on combinatorial solutions and the factors influencing the solution of complex algebraic equations and the nature of the compromise solutions that are chosen, in addition to the scientific methodology in analyzing combinatorial methods and the influencing factors. There is a comparison methodology to compare combinatorial methods in terms of accuracy, ease, and pass ability The results indicated that combinatorial solutions are largely effective in enhancing students' understanding of basic concepts and developing their skills. Exploratory and critical mathematical problems. The flexibility, ease and accuracy of combinatorial methods range from 90 to 95%.</p> Salima khalifa Ahmed Copyright (c) 2025 https://aaasjournals.com/index.php/ajapas/article/view/1073 Sun, 05 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000 High-Gain Circularly Polarized Rectangular Dielectric Resonator Antenna Array at 28 GHz for Millimeter-Wave Applications https://aaasjournals.com/index.php/ajapas/article/view/1074 <p>This study presents a rectangular dielectric resonator antenna (RDRA) array designed to operate in the 28 GHz millimeter-wave (mmWave) spectrum. It achieves circular polarization (CP) by utilizing an innovative feed network with cross-slots. The DRA's dimensions, relative to the free-space wavelength (λ₀), are 0.478λ₀ × 0.478λ₀ × 0.28λ₀. The 1 × 4 array demonstrates excellent performance, delivering a substantial broadside gain of 14 dBic at 28 GHz, along with an axial ratio (AR) bandwidth of 13% and an impedance bandwidth of 27.3%. These features position it as a highly promising candidate for a wide range of applications. CST Microwave Studio was used for the entire simulation design process.</p> Tarek S. Abdou, Alsayah A. M. Emhemed Copyright (c) 2025 https://aaasjournals.com/index.php/ajapas/article/view/1074 Sun, 05 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000 العلاقة بين زيادة مخزون الحديد وخطر الإصابة بالسكري في مدينة القلعة والمدن المجاورة لها، جبل نفوسة – ليبيا https://aaasjournals.com/index.php/ajapas/article/view/1081 <p>في السنوات الأخيرة انتشر مرض السكري بشكل واسع وهناك عدة أسباب لانتشاره. إحدى هذه الأسباب هو زيادة مخزون الحديد (الفريتين) اعتماد على عدة دراسات سابقة. تم إجراء هذا البحث لمعرفة مدى تأثير زيادة مخزون الحديد على خطر الإصابة بالسكري عن طريق مقارنة مستويات مخزون الحديد بين مرضى السكري وبين الأشخاص الأصحاء (الغير مصابين بالسكري). وكذلك دراسة تأثير الجنس والعمر على مستويات مخزون الحديد وخطر الإصابة بالسكري. هذا البحث اعتمد على قياس مستويات مخزون الحديد وسكر الدم للصائم لحوالي 48 حالة (مرضى سكري وأصحاء، ذكور وإناث). أظهرت نتائج هذا البحث أن هناك علاقة إيجابية بين مخزون الحديد وخطر الإصابة بالسكري. حيث تبين أن المصابين بالسكري لديهم مستويات مخزون الحديد أعلى من الأصحاء لجميع الاعمار. كما اتضح من خلال هذا البحث أن الذكور أكثر عرضة من الإناث لخطر الإصابة بالسكري لأن مستويات مخزون الحديد بشكل عام لدى الذكور كانت أعلى من الإناث. كما أن الفئة العمرية للإناث من 64-86 سنة كانت لديها أعلى تركيز لمخزون الحديد مما يجعلهن أكثر عرضة لخطر الإصابة بالسكري مقارنة بباقي الفئات العمرية. من خلال هذه النتائج، نوصي الأشخاص الذين لديهم مستوى مخزون الحديد مرتفع بإجراء تحليل السكري باعتبارهم معرضين لخطر الإصابة بالسكري، وكذلك توعية النساء في عمر 64-86 سنة بأهمية إجراء تحليل مخزون الحديد وتحليل السكر بانتظام بين فترة وفترة.</p> خالد إبراهيم ملحس, حنين إمحمد الشيباني, خلود أبو القاسم العرمرم, عائشة علي الشيباني, فاطمة إمحمد البادن, مارن علي سليمان, نورالهدى صنقير أبوالقاسم Copyright (c) 2025 https://aaasjournals.com/index.php/ajapas/article/view/1081 Sat, 11 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000 تقدير تركيز عنصر الرصاص والكادميوم في بعض الأغذية المعلبة في مدينة الأصابعة https://aaasjournals.com/index.php/ajapas/article/view/1082 <p style="direction: rtl;">في السنوات الأخيرة زاد الاهتمام بدراسة تلوث الأغذية بالعناصر الثقيلة نظرا لأنها تسبب العديد من الأمراض مثل الأمراض الرئوية والنفسية والاضطرابات الهرمونية والأمراض التناسلية. في هذه الدراسة تم تقدير ( الرصاص و الكادميوم ) في 10 أنواع من المعلبات ( حمص، بازلاء، فاصولياء بيضاء، فول، فطر، ذرة، معجون طماطم، مخلل مشكل، فواكه مشكلة وكاتشب ) الشائعة في الأسواق المحلية في مدينة الأصابعة باستخدام مطيافية الامتصاص الذري (AAS ) وجد أن تركيز الكادميوم ( 0.08 - &lt;0.001ppm) وهي ضمن الحدود المسموح بها من منظمة الصحة العالمية بينما كان تركيز الرصاص أعلى من الحدود المسموح بها في أغلب العينات المدروسة كالفطر (ppm1.78 – 2.21 ( والبازلاء ( ppm1.49( و أيضا الحمص والفول والفاصولياء و معجون الطماطم ما بين ( ppm0.15 - 0.63)</p> أ.عفاف محمد علي المقطوف, أ. عائشة الباشير علي المقطوف, أ . أسماء محمد المنتصر علي Copyright (c) 2025 African Journal of Advanced Pure and Applied Sciences (AJAPAS) https://aaasjournals.com/index.php/ajapas/article/view/1082 Sat, 11 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000 Impact of Chromosomal Aberrations on Infertility: Diagnosis, Management, and Assisted Reproductive Technologies https://aaasjournals.com/index.php/ajapas/article/view/1086 <p>Chromosomal polymorphisms may be linked to infertility since they are more common among infertile couples However, their exact impact on reproduction, particularly when assisted reproductive technologies (ART) are used, remains unclear. This review article aims to explore infertility related to chromosomal aberrations and discuss the techniques that are used for diagnosis. Most faulty oocytes exhibit numerical abnormalities (monosomy, trisomy), while most abnormal spermatozoa show structural defects (translocations, inversions, deletions, and duplications). These differences in defect types lead to aneuploidy, miscarriages, and infertility. Azoospermia, oligospermia, and gonadal dysgenesis are indicators of spermatogenic failure and characteristic features of male chromosomal infertility. Additionally, factors affecting ovarian development, oocyte maturation, fertilization competence, pre-implantation embryo development, implantation, and fetal support are key contributors to female infertility. Performing a karyotype before beginning any in vitro fertilization (IVF) procedure is advisable, as it helps reduce the risk of procedural failure. The review also emphasizes the importance of understanding specific chromosomal abnormalities in infertile individuals, which can lead to more personalized treatment approaches. Tailoring treatments may potentially improve the success rates of assisted reproductive technologies and reduce the risk of miscarriages and genetic disorders in offspring. This highlights the critical role of genetic counseling and advanced diagnostic techniques in managing infertility and achieving better reproductive outcomes.</p> Jinan M. Abugharsa Copyright (c) 2025 African Journal of Advanced Pure and Applied Sciences (AJAPAS) https://aaasjournals.com/index.php/ajapas/article/view/1086 Sun, 12 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000 Optimization of Energy Efficiency in Amine Regeneration Using a Novel Side Draw Flow Modification Method https://aaasjournals.com/index.php/ajapas/article/view/1087 <p>Optimizing energy efficiency in gas-sweetening processes is crucial for reducing operational costs and improving environmental sustainability. This study introduces a novel approach to optimize the amine regeneration process, a critical component of gas sweetening operations, at the Mellitah gas plant. Using Aspen HYSYS software, a simulation model was developed and validated against actual plant data, achieving an absolute error of less than 1%, thereby confirming its accuracy. The optimization strategy is based on an innovative modification of the process flowsheet by incorporating a side draw stream on Tray 12, with flow rates ranging from 1000 to 6000 kgmol/h. New equipment, a heat exchanger (HX-101), and a flash separator (V-102) were integrated into the gas-sweetening process to enhance efficiency. HX-101 effectively reduced carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentration in the liquid side draw, while V-102 facilitated efficient phase separation. Analysis of side draw flow rates demonstrated significant energy savings. At a side draw flow rate of 6000 kgmol/h, the reboiler duty was reduced by 18% and the condenser duty by 5%. Additionally, increasing the side draw flow rate showed further potential for energy savings. These findings highlight the feasibility and effectiveness of this novel process modification, which is recommended for implementation at the Mellitah gas plant. This innovative optimization reduces energy consumption and operational costs and enhances the overall efficiency and sustainability of the amine regeneration process in gas sweetening operations.</p> Najib Meftah Almukhtar Omar, Abtesam Aboljam, Muhend Milad, Ruqaia Abuajil Sheliqa Copyright (c) 2025 https://aaasjournals.com/index.php/ajapas/article/view/1087 Sun, 12 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000 Some Morphometric Traits of S. rivulatus (Forsskål, 1775) and S. luridus (Ruppel, 1828) in Derna coast, eastern Libya, Mediterranean Sea https://aaasjournals.com/index.php/ajapas/article/view/1088 <p>Sixty <em>Siganus luridus</em> fish and sixty <em>Siganus rivulatus </em>were collected from the artisanal catch of Derna coast, eastern Libya during March/April 2021 for use in the present study to established morphometric traits and descriptive characters for both fish. The morphometric trait corelated to each other and related to fish length as an indicator of fish growth and age by linear and power regression. <em>Siganus luridus</em> of the present study was larger than <em>S. rivulatus</em>. For example, the mean Total Weight (TW) of <em>S. luridus</em> was 105.65±5.40 g while that of <em>S. rivulatus</em> was 59.95±2.06 g. The mean of Total Length (TL) of <em>S. luridus</em> was 18.72±0.39 cm while that of <em>S. rivulatus</em> was 17.19±0.21 cm. The linear and power weight-length relationship for <em>S. luridus</em> were Y=10.22X-85.63, R<sup>2</sup>=0.54, Y=0.31X<sup>1.98</sup>, R<sup>2</sup>=0.63 while that of <em>S. rivulatus</em> were Y=6.895X-58.57, R<sup>2</sup>=0.51, Y=0.478X<sup>1.69</sup>, R<sup>2</sup>=0.46 for linear and power regression respectively. Both fish indicated negative allometric growth.</p> Najiyah S. Husayn, Marwah A. F. Saeid Copyright (c) 2025 https://aaasjournals.com/index.php/ajapas/article/view/1088 Mon, 13 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000 Water Pressure Switch Design Using 555 Timer https://aaasjournals.com/index.php/ajapas/article/view/1089 <p>For industrial processes to be done properly, a system has to work under specific pressures. Safety considerations as well demand monitoring and “measuring” operation pressures and taking control over them to therefore ensure the equipments and lines in the systems don't exceed the permissible pressure as well as to ensure they are not destroyed or damaged in case the pressure is increased over a certain limit. These objectives can be attained by using sensors and pressure switches which are considered from the most important components in the industrial processes, specifically in the hydraulic and aerial systems.</p> <p>This project is set for designing and constructing an automatic pressure switch for a pressure source (pump), to automatically control water pressure which happens as a result of its influx in the hydraulic systems. Taking control over this process is done by using (SR flip flop) which receives a controlling signal from the (limit switch). The latter could sense the movement of the used pressure sensor. After that, a model is applied for a domestic water pump to control its operation. The model could protect the pressure when it increases over a certain limit, the flip-flop stops operating the source of the pressure (the pressure). At that, the model has been put into test and the results were very good as expected.</p> Abdalla Milad Faraj, Musbah Al-Mahdi Al-Jadi, Ahmed Saed Ishleebtah Copyright (c) 2025 https://aaasjournals.com/index.php/ajapas/article/view/1089 Mon, 13 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000 Possibility of Incorporating Artificial Intelligence Tools into the Contents of Undergraduate Biology Courses: The Genetics Curriculum as an Example https://aaasjournals.com/index.php/ajapas/article/view/1095 <p>This research explores the potential of integrating artificial intelligence (AI) tools into the genetics curriculum within an undergraduate biology program. The study analyzes existing genetics courses, identifies teaching gaps, and proposes AI solutions to enhance learning experiences. The research examines the potential of AI for personalized learning, interactive content, real-time feedback, advanced data analytics, and visualization of genetic concepts. A hypothetical virtual experiment is presented that illustrates how AI can be used to analyze genetic data and predict a child’s genotype from parental data. The research also addresses ethical and practical challenges associated with integrating AI into the genetics curriculum, including bias in algorithms, privacy concerns, transparency issues, and the need for training and support for educators. It highlights the importance of collaborative efforts among educators, researchers, developers, and policymakers to ensure the ethical and effective integration of AI into education. The paper concludes by recommending further research to assess the impact of AI tools on student learning outcomes, develop best practices for their implementation, and ensure responsible use of AI in genetics education. This research contributes to the growing body of work exploring the potential and challenges of integrating AI into education, particularly in the field of genetics.</p> Fathi Ali Altaher Alboueishi, Ahmed Al-Bashir Mohammed Absisa Copyright (c) 2025 https://aaasjournals.com/index.php/ajapas/article/view/1095 Sat, 18 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000 Health Risk Assessment of Fluoride Removal from Drinking Water https://aaasjournals.com/index.php/ajapas/article/view/1096 <p>Fluoride is a naturally occurring mineral that can be found in various water sources, including groundwater and surface water. In controlled amounts, fluoride has been proven to have dental benefits, preventing tooth decay and strengthening tooth enamel. Reverse Osmosis (RO) is considered as an effective method used to separate and extract dissolved solids, organics, and bacteria from water. This study aimed to assess the health risks associated with fluoride removal from drinking water in Tripoli, the Capital city of Libya by using purification systems. Forty water samples were collected before and after desalination process different areas of Tripoli. Water Samples (groundwater, water distribution network and desalinated) were coded from 1 to 20 based on the source type. Samples were analyzed using DR3900 Laboratory VIS Spectrophotometer. Mean difference concentration of fluoride in the collected baseline water samples (before RO filtration) were found to vary between 0.08 and 1.16 mg/L. All of the water samples showed a complete reduction in fluoride content by 100% after passing through various RO filters. The results of the study showed that the use of reverse osmosis water filtration technologies has a substantial effect in reducing the fluoride levels in drinking water within unacceptable limits set by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).</p> Abubaker A. Sharif, Nader A. Alaziby, Iman Shenqir, Darine Trabelsi Copyright (c) 2025 https://aaasjournals.com/index.php/ajapas/article/view/1096 Sat, 18 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000 Improving Emergency Department Services in Libyan Hospitals by Using Lean Six-Sigma "A Case Study" https://aaasjournals.com/index.php/ajapas/article/view/1102 <p>The use of Lean Six-Sigma methodology has spread in the development and improvement of health services in the developed and developing world. Previous studies have shown a great success in the improvements of various health services provided to patients using Lean Six-Sigma methodology. Therefore, the Libyan health facilities, especially emergency departments should take advantages of the use of this methodology and benefit from the experiences of countries that preceded us in the use of this methodology. This study aims to improve health services in emergency departments in Libyan hospitals using Lean Six-Sigma methodology. By designing, distributing and analyzing a questionnaire at the level of the state of Libya by taking samples to conduct this study represented in a number of hospitals in the city of Tripoli, and considering the Central Hospital in Tripoli as a case study, this research studies and analyses the problems and difficulties facing emergency departments, in order to identify the most important problems facing physicians and patients within different emergency departments using the Lean Six-Sigma methodology. The results of this research indicate that a range of issues faced by patients and physicians within the emergency departments have been identified. By analyzing the Pareto chart, thirteen of the most important issues were identified and prioritized. Through a cause-and-effect diagram, six main reasons for the long waiting time in the EDs were identified. A new process map was created where unnecessary movements and non-value-added activities were eliminated. A new Value Stream Map (VSM) was created where the average total time for the patient staying in the emergency department was reduced from 325 to 99 minutes if improvements are implemented.</p> Mohsen Isa, Malak Abderrazak Copyright (c) 2025 https://aaasjournals.com/index.php/ajapas/article/view/1102 Wed, 22 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000 استخدام مخلفات المباني المتضررة في مدينة سرت كركام معاد تدويره https://aaasjournals.com/index.php/ajapas/article/view/1103 <p>إعادة تدوير الركام الناتج عن المباني المتضررة والمدمرة يمثل قضية بالغة الأهمية على مستوى العالم، حيث يمكن استخدام هذه المواد كمصدر للركام المعاد تدويره لإنتاج الخرسانة. في المدن الليبية التي تأثرت بالحروب، مثل مدينة سرت، تتراكم كميات كبيرة من مخلفات البناء والهدم، وهو ما يُشكّل تهديدًا بيئيًا إلى جانب الأعباء الاقتصادية التي تتحملها الدولة للتخلص من هذه المخلفات. يُعتبر إعادة استخدام هذه المخلفات لإنتاج الركام الخشن المعاد تدويره لاستخدامه في أعمال الخرسانة خطوة واعدة تسهم في تعزيز الاستدامة البيئية والتقليل من التكلفة الاقتصادية ضمن قطاع البناء والتشييد. تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى دراسة إمكانية استبدال الركام الخشن الطبيعي بالركام المعاد تدويره الناتج عن مخلفات المباني المدمرة. تركز الورقة على تحليل خصائص هذا الركام المعاد تدويره الذي تم جمعه من مواقع مختلفة في مدينة سرت تعرّضت للهدم. ويشمل ذلك دراسة الخصائص الفيزيائية والميكانيكية مثل نسبة الامتصاص، الوزن النوعي، اختبار مقاومة التآكل باستخدام جهاز لوس أنجلس، التحليل الحجمي للتدرج الحبيبي، وقوة الضغط للخرسانة. تتم مقارنة هذه الخصائص مع خصائص الركام الخشن الطبيعي، مع مراعاة تطبيق نسب مختلفة من الركام المعاد تدويره تمثل 0% و50% و100% ضمن الخلطات الخرسانية للتحقق من تأثيرها على جودة الخرسانة المنتجة.</p> فتحي رمضان صالح لامين, علام مصباح العلام Copyright (c) 2025 https://aaasjournals.com/index.php/ajapas/article/view/1103 Wed, 22 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000 Fungi as Nature’s Recyclers Optimizing Nutrient Dynamics in Agroecosystems https://aaasjournals.com/index.php/ajapas/article/view/1110 <p>Fungi are the hidden architects of agroecosystems, quietly driving essential nutrient cycles and maintaining soil health. Acting as nature’s recyclers, they break down organic matter, release vital nutrients, and form beneficial partnerships with plant roots through mycorrhizal networks. These processes not only enhance soil fertility but also significantly reduce reliance on synthetic fertilizers, promoting cost-effective and eco-friendly farming practices. Additionally, fungi play a crucial role in pathogen suppression by producing bioactive compounds, acting as natural biocontrol agents that protect crops from diseases and support higher yields. However, their functionality is influenced by environmental factors, including soil quality, temperature, and agricultural practices. Integrating fungi into modern farming systems requires a deep understanding of these dynamics to maximize their potential. Advances in biotechnology, such as fungal biofertilizers and inoculants, present new opportunities to optimize their use. Beyond improving productivity, fungi contribute to long-term ecological resilience by enhancing soil carbon storage, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and supporting biodiversity. Harnessing the natural processes of fungi can revolutionize agriculture, offering a sustainable path forward. By balancing productivity with environmental preservation, fungi provide a key to meeting the growing demand for food in an era of climate challenges and resource constraints.</p> Nuri Salem Alnaass, Zuhra Bashir Khalifa Trabalsiy, Mabruka Hadya Abubaira, Najat Alarbi Alyaseer Copyright (c) 2025 https://aaasjournals.com/index.php/ajapas/article/view/1110 Sun, 26 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000 تقييم جودة مياه الشرب بعين وقناة نقل المياه بمنطقة الداوون https://aaasjournals.com/index.php/ajapas/article/view/1112 <p>يعتبر الحصول على المياه الصالحة للشرب من الأساسيات للحفاظ على حياة الإنسان وصحته، والخصائص الفيزيائية والكيميائية والبيولوجية لمياه الشرب هي مؤشر على جودة المياه، وفي حال كانت هذه الخصائص ليست ضمن الحدود المسموح بها، تعتبر المياه غير صالحة للشرب.</p> <p>تم في هذا البحث أخذ عينة من مياه العين وأربع عينات من مياه القناة الناقلة بمنطقة الداوون وإجراء التحاليل الكيميائية والبيولوجية لهذه العينات لمعرفة خصائص هذه المياه ومن ثم حساب مؤشر جودة المياه للعينات، والتحاليل الكيميائية متمثلة في قياس الأس الهيدروجيني والأملاح الكلية الذائبة والصوديوم والبوتاسيوم والكالسيوم والكبريتات والحديد والمنجنيز والتوصيل الكهربائي، والتحاليل البيولوجية متمثلة في بكتيريا القولون الكلية وبكتيريا القولونية البرازية وبكتيريا اشريشيا كولاي.</p> <p>وأظهرت نتائج التحاليل الخصائص الكيميائية بأن الأس الهيدروجيني وتركيز الصوديوم بالعينات (1، 2، 3) والبوتاسيوم والكالسيوم والكبريتات والحديد والمنجنيز ضمن الحدود المسموح بها طبقاً للمواصفة القياسية الليبية لمياه الشرب ومواصفة منظمة الصحة العالمية لمياه الشرب، في حين تركيز الأملاح الكلية الذائبة والصوديوم بالعينات (4، 5) والتوصيل الكهربائي تجاوزت الحدود المسموح به، بينما أظهرت التحاليل البيولوجية وجود تلوث بجميع العينات ببكتريا القولون الكلية وبكتريا القولونية البرازية، وتلوث العينات (4، 5) ببكتيريا اشريشيا كولاي بينما باقي العينات لم تكن ملوثة بهذه البكتريا، وأظهرت النتائج بأن قيم مؤشر جودة المياه للعينات تتراوح بين (85-94) وتعتبر جودة المياه جيدة.</p> نادر سالم سليم, محمد رمضان الموسي, أحمد عبد المطلب القاضي Copyright (c) 2025 https://aaasjournals.com/index.php/ajapas/article/view/1112 Thu, 30 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0000 Laser Cladding of Bronze on Aluminum Alloy https://aaasjournals.com/index.php/ajapas/article/view/1119 <p>Laser cladding is considered as a strategic technique, since it can yield surface layers that, compared to other hard facing techniques, have superior properties in terms of, pureness, homogeneity, hardness, bonding and microstructure.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;A clad layer of bronze (6:6:3) formed on the Zl-105 aluminum alloy surface -using a high power CW CO2 laser. Effects of laser scanning rates on the quality of produced clad layer studied. The microstructure of clad layer examined using optical and scanning electron microscope. The produced phases and the chemical composition of the clad layer analyzed using XRD, and EDS.&nbsp; microhardness test profile indicated a significant improvement in the hardness of the bronze coating on the Zl-105Al.</p> Abdulkarim A. Elalem Copyright (c) 2025 https://aaasjournals.com/index.php/ajapas/article/view/1119 Sat, 01 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0000 Maintaining the Integrity and Authenticity of Medical Images Using Integer Wavelet Transform and Practical Swarm Optimisation Technique https://aaasjournals.com/index.php/ajapas/article/view/1120 <p>Significant advances in health care technology, especially in medical imaging, have profoundly altered the field. Digital tools such as radiography, telemedicine, and Picture Archiving and Communication Systems (PACS) have heightened the need for robust image security measures. Medical image security attempts to safeguard the accuracy and legitimacy of pictures. Integrity entails avoiding the possibility of tampering, whereas authenticity verifies the authenticity of images. The absence of these can lead to inaccurate diagnoses and inappropriate treatments. The primary objective of the work is to explore the efficacy and benefits of the Integer Wavelet Transform (IWT) and the Practical Swarm Optimisation (PSO) technique for protecting the integrity and authenticity of digital medical images. The research has two key aims. Firstly, it investigates the effectiveness of PSO-determined IWT coefficients in digital image watermarking. Secondly, it illustrates the authentication scenario using medical images, incorporating patient data and encrypted input into watermarking schemes. A normalised correlation coefficient (NCC) quantifies the similarity in recovered images, serving as the objective function in (PSO). The experimental results in the form of the time-frequency representation of the decomposed image using the IWT allow the visibility of the integrity signature on the original medical image. The proposed watermarking technique based on the integer wavelet transform and practical swarm optimisation scheme can provide a robust watermarking technique in the top two frequency bands and maintain the fidelity of the original image.</p> Dr. Mansour Ahwidy Khamis Copyright (c) 2025 https://aaasjournals.com/index.php/ajapas/article/view/1120 Sun, 02 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0000 Prevalence of Etiological Bacteria and Fungi of Dandruff in Al-Gabal Al-Gharbi, Libya https://aaasjournals.com/index.php/ajapas/article/view/1121 <p>The skin hosts a diverse range of microorganisms that influence both its health and disease. Dandruff, a common scalp condition, affects approximately 50% of the global adult population. This study aimed to examine the prevalence of bacteria and fungi in dandruff samples.</p> <p><strong>Materials and Methods</strong>: Fifty-two dandruff samples were collected from volunteers in <strong>Al-Gabal Al-Gharbi</strong>, aged 11–62 years. The samples were cultured for bacterial and fungal growth, followed by microbial identification and sensitivity testing as per routine microbiological procedures.</p> <p>&nbsp;<strong>Results</strong>: Bacteria were identified in 50 cases (96.15%) and fungi in 35 cases (67.30%). The most common bacterial isolates were <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> (37.11%) and <em>Staphylococcus epidermidis</em> (24.74%). The most common fungal isolate was <em>Aspergillus niger</em> (29.89%), followed by <em>Aspergillus flavus</em> (3.10%) and <em>Malassezia spp</em>. (5.15%). <em>S. aureus</em> and <em>S. epidermidis</em> were more prevalent in females (58.33% and 54.16%, respectively), while <em>Aspergillus niger</em> and <em>Malassezia spp</em>. were more common in males (44.83% and 60%, respectively). Chloramphenicol exhibited 100% sensitivity against both <em>S. aureus</em> and <em>S. epidermidis</em>, while penicillin and ampicillin showed complete resistance in <em>S. epidermidis</em>. Regarding antifungal activity, <em>Malassezia spp</em>. exhibited full resistance to ketoconazole, while <em>Aspergillus niger</em> was more susceptible to miconazole, with ketoconazole showing 100% resistance.</p> Adel M. Jama, Ali Amer Elarabi, Adah Abish, Iman Dweila, Al-Zahra Al-Malawi Copyright (c) 2025 https://aaasjournals.com/index.php/ajapas/article/view/1121 Mon, 03 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0000 إنشاء تطبيق أندرويد لتسويق الأجهزة الإلكترونية المستعملة (Re-Use) https://aaasjournals.com/index.php/ajapas/article/view/1123 <p style="direction: rtl;">يشهد العالم اليوم تطوراً سريعًا في التكنولوجيا، مما يدفع المستخدمين باستمرار إلى شراء أحدث الأجهزة الإلكترونية، حيث أدى هذا التوجه إلى تراكم كميات كبيرة من الأجهزة المستعملة التي غالبًا ما يتم التخلص منها بسرعة دون التفكير في إعادة استخدامها أو إعادة تدويرها، واستنادًا إلى هذه الحاجة المتزايدة للاستفادة من الأجهزة المستعملة جاءت فكرة هذا البحث في إنشاء تطبيق (تسويق الأجهزة الإلكترونية المستعملة)، حيث يهدف هذا البحث لتسهيل بيع وشراء الأجهزة الإلكترونية المستعملة عبر الإنترنت، يتلخص هذا البحث في التوجه نحو استخدام التقنيات المتقدمة في مجال التجارة الإلكترونية، لكونه أكثر سهولة وسرعة في الوصول للعملاء، وتم اختيار منهجية نموذج الشلال waterfall كنموذج تنفيذي للتطبيق، واتبع هذا البحث الأسلوب الوصفي لتحليل البيانات وذلك باستخدام لغة النمذجة الموحدةUML، وتم تصميم هذا التطبيق باستخدام برنامجAndroid Studio ، مستخدما لغة برمجة Java مع ربطها بقاعدة بيانات Firebase ، ثم الاختبار الكامل لهذا التطبيق للتعامل مع الأخطاء، ونتج عن انشاء تطبيق&nbsp; &nbsp;Re-Useتوفير وسيلة سهلة وبسيطة لشراء وبيع الأجهزة الإلكترونية المستعملة والمساهمة في تعزيز استخدام هذه الاجهزة وزيادة الاستفادة منها. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، يقدم التطبيق فرصة للمستخدمين لتحقيق فوائد مالية من خلال بيع أجهزتهم القديمة، ويتيح للمشترين الحصول على أجهزة بأسعار مناسبة، مما يعزز من استدامة الموارد وترشيد استهلاك الإلكترونيات.</p> أسماء علي أبودينة, كوثر إبراهيم حمودة, نرجس فرج البراح Copyright (c) 2025 https://aaasjournals.com/index.php/ajapas/article/view/1123 Wed, 05 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0000 تصميم صندوق سرعات أوتوماتيكي لمخرطة تقليدية https://aaasjournals.com/index.php/ajapas/article/view/1124 <p>صناديق السرعات تُعد أحد أهم التطبيقات الصناعية لنظام نقل الحركة في آلات التشغيل الميكانيكي. ويتم استخدام صناديق مختلفة للسرعات في العديد من الآلات منها: آلات الخراطة، آلات الثقب، آلات التفريز وغيرها من آلات التشغيل الميكانيكي الأخرى التي تتطلب عزوم او سرعات متباينة توافق متطلبات عملية التشغيل قيد التنفيذ.</p> <p>هذه الورقة تستعرض خطوة بخطوة وبشكل منهجي الجوانب الفنية لتصميم صندوق سرعات أوتوماتيكي لمخرطة تقليدية وذلك انطلاقا من مقترح المهمة ثم مرورا بكل من: مهمة التصنيع، الحسابات الفنية للقدرة وقوى القطع، الخطوات المرحلية لعمليات التصميم، تعيين حدود التصميم، الحسابات الفنية المتعلقة بتصميم صندوق التروس، التجميع وختاما الخلاصة ونتائج البحث. وهي تركّز بشكل أساسي على تقديم نموذج تعليمي لطلبة هندسة التصميم، لا لجعلهم قادرين على وضع التصاميم الميكانيكية وحل المشاكل التقنية فحسب بل ليكونوا قادرين على تطبيقها وتنفيذها فعليا على ارض الواقع أيضا.&nbsp;</p> الخير مبروك البرناوي, أبوبكر محمد أبوبكر, سراج عبد اللطيف الريفي, حمزة عربي احمد, علي عثمان الغول Copyright (c) 2025 https://aaasjournals.com/index.php/ajapas/article/view/1124 Wed, 05 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0000 Evaluation of knowledge Intensive Care anesthesia technicians In Prevention of Ventilator Associated Pneumonia in Libyan public Hospitals https://aaasjournals.com/index.php/ajapas/article/view/1126 <p><strong>Background:</strong> Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a common hospitals- acquired infection occurs in patients requiring treatment in intensive care units (ICUs) it affects between 6–52% of the cases requiring the use of berating ventilators in hospitals, resulting in hospital length of stay (LOS) of more than 48 hours. This increases morbidity, mortality, and healthcare cost</p> <p><strong>Aim</strong>: to evaluate the knowledge and performance of anesthesia technicians in preventing Ventilator-associated pneumonia in intensive care unit ICU.</p> <p>Method: The study was descriptive, data were collected from100 technicians anesthesia working in Zawia and Al Khadra public Hospital in Tripoli in intensive care, to assess their knowledge Ventilator-associated pneumonia, in relation to their sociodemographic characteristics, qualification level and years of experience, starting from March to May 2024. It was based on proved multiple- choice questionnaires developed to assess ICU medical knowledge about the evidence based guidelines for the prevention of VAP using (ANOVA test)</p> <p><strong>Results</strong>: In this study ICU technicians displayed generally good understanding of Ventilator-associated pneumonia prevention, with an average knowledge score of (0.76 ± 0.12) out of 18 questions. And the 57% of technicians showed good knowledge, while 43% showed inadequate knowledge. Also, Marital status was also demographic factor significantly associated with knowledge scores, with married technicians showing better knowledge than single ones.</p> <p><strong>Conclusion</strong>: Although some anesthesia technicians showed good performance in preventing (VAP) in the ICU. This study recommended many educational and training programs to improve the knowledge level of anesthesia technicians in ICUs.</p> Fahima Albashir Albeshti, Ghada Mohammed Algeblaw, Amal Alesabri, Alaa Swiss, Ali Elfandiy Copyright (c) 2025 https://aaasjournals.com/index.php/ajapas/article/view/1126 Thu, 06 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0000 التنبؤ بأعداد مرضى سرطان الرئة بمركز مصراته لعلاج الأورام باستخدام نماذج التمهيد الأسي https://aaasjournals.com/index.php/ajapas/article/view/1127 <p>تُعد أمراض السرطان، وخاصة سرطان الرئة، من أبرز التحديات الصحية العالمية، ويهدف هذا البحث إلى تحليل الاتجاهات التاريخية لحالات سرطان الرئة في ليبيا من عام 2004 إلى 2022 باستخدام نماذج التنبؤ الإحصائية. تم تطبيق ثلاثة نماذج إحصائية للتنبؤ بحالات سرطان الرئة المستقبلية: النموذج الأسي البسيط، نموذج هولت (النموذج المزدوج)، ونموذج الاتجاه المخفف (Damped Trend Model). أظهرت نتائج التحليل أن النموذج الأسي البسيط كان الأقل دقة، بينما قدم نموذج هولت نتائج أفضل ولكنه لم يكن الأفضل من حيث دقة التنبؤ. في المقابل، أظهر نموذج الاتجاه المخفف أدنى قيمة لـ RMSE (16.73) وأداء دقيقًا في التنبؤ بالبيانات المستقبلية، مما جعله النموذج الأكثر موثوقية. كما تم اختبار معنوية النموذج، حيث أظهرت النتائج معنوية إحصائية قوية للمعاملات، مما يعزز موثوقيته في التنبؤ. بناءً على هذه النتائج، يُوصى باستخدام نموذج الاتجاه المخفف لتوجيه السياسات الصحية المستقبلية وتحسين استراتيجيات الوقاية والعلاج في مواجهة سرطان الرئة.</p> هناء رجب علي المكرود Copyright (c) 2025 https://aaasjournals.com/index.php/ajapas/article/view/1127 Sat, 08 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0000 Epidemiological Factors Affecting Mental Health Among Medical Faculty Students at Elmergib University, Libya https://aaasjournals.com/index.php/ajapas/article/view/1128 <p>Medical education and training can directly contribute to the development of mental disorders among students. This study aims to assess the prevalence of mental disorders among medical faculty students at Elmergib university and assess the effect of different epidemiological factors on students' mental health status. A descriptive study targeted 377 students at medical faculty at Elmergib university Alkhoms city Libya, participants were selected randomly for the study, through online questionnaire demographic, socio-economic, academic, health related factors were assessed. DASS 42 scale (Arabic version) was used to assess mental disorders among participants. Among 377 participants 275 were female (72.9%), and 40 of them had low academic grade (10.6%), 338 of them were non married (89.7%), 292 had low income (77.5%), 71 of them had family history of mental disorders (18.8%). Our study found that 1 in every 2 participant students have some degree of mental disorder, and 1in every 4 participants have severe form of mental disorder. Mental disorders were found to be significantly associated with low academic grade (OR=2.05), Non married marital status (OR=2.63) and family history of mental disorders (OR=2.25). Medical education is directly contributing to the development of mental disorders because of the high scholastic workload, stressful clinical training programs and financial burdens. Female students with low academic grades, non married, with low income and positive family history of mental disorders should receive immediate mental health assessment and support.</p> Mohamed Sryh Copyright (c) 2025 https://aaasjournals.com/index.php/ajapas/article/view/1128 Sat, 08 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0000 w-Functions in Topological Spaces https://aaasjournals.com/index.php/ajapas/article/view/1129 <p>The purpose of this research is to explore the properties of w-open sets and extend the concepts of interior and closure operators through these sets. Furthermore, we define new classes of functions in topological spaces, such as w-continuous, w-irresolute, w-open, and w-closed functions, and analyzing their characteristics and the relationships between them.</p> Massuodah Saad Tarjam, Khairia Mohamed Mira, Khadiga Salem Abdeen Copyright (c) 2025 https://aaasjournals.com/index.php/ajapas/article/view/1129 Sat, 08 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0000 Vibrations Diagnosis and Condition Monitoring of Centrifugal Pumps at Al-Brega Oil Company https://aaasjournals.com/index.php/ajapas/article/view/1130 <p>This study focuses on diagnosing and analyzing faults in centrifugal pumps at Al-Brega Oil Company using vibration monitoring techniques. It primarily identifies common issues such as misalignment, imbalance, and bearing failures, which can cause significant operational inefficiencies and expensive repairs. The research methodology employs overall velocity, shock pulse, and spectrum analysis via the VIBXpert device, demonstrating effectiveness in early fault detection before problems escalate. Results are compared against ISO standards to evaluate the condition and performance of the pumps. The findings highlight the importance of routine monitoring to minimize downtime and maintenance costs by detecting faults early. Moreover, the study offers valuable insights into enhancing maintenance strategies for more reliable and efficient operation of industrial pumping systems.</p> Ezedine G. Allaboudi, Khaled M. Ahmida Copyright (c) 2025 https://aaasjournals.com/index.php/ajapas/article/view/1130 Sat, 08 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0000 Determination the acidity of olive oil samples stored at different periods of times in Tarhouna, Libya https://aaasjournals.com/index.php/ajapas/article/view/1131 <p>Random olive oil samples from local farmers in Tarhouna stored at different periods were investigated to draw a conclusion about their influence with period storage. Ten samples of virgin olive oil stored at different periods (ranged between few months to more than fifteen years) were collected and pre-handled for analysis. The acidity of the samples was determined by volumetric titration using KOH according to the standard BS EN ISO 660 2009. The obtained results showed irregular increase in acidity for samples aged less than three years, while samples aged more than three years showed fairly steady increase in acidity. The study found that the samples stored for more than three years have acidity values exceed codex Alimentarius of olive oil (3.3%), while the samples aged for less than three years have acidity values varied around 3.3%, which may be attributed to poor harvest and pre-extraction procedures, as well as to long storage time.</p> Mahmud Ashtewi S. Ashtewi, Salem Mohammed S. Ahmed Copyright (c) 2025 https://aaasjournals.com/index.php/ajapas/article/view/1131 Sun, 09 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0000 Verification of Dose Calculation Accuracy THERPLAN Treatment Planning System of 2D SAD treatment technique https://aaasjournals.com/index.php/ajapas/article/view/1135 <p>This study evaluates the accuracy of the THERPLAN PLUSE version 1.2 Treatment Planning System (TPS) for dose calculation in 2D SAD setups, focusing on its performance across various treatment configurations. Measurements were conducted using a 6 MeV photon beam from an Elekta-Precise linear accelerator, employing a pre-calibrated FC65p ionization chamber and a Scanditronix water phantom. Dose comparisons were made between the TPS-calculated values and measured doses across a range of setups, including different SSDs, field sizes, wedge angles, asymmetric fields, parallel-opposed fields, and four-field box techniques.</p> <p><strong>Results</strong> demonstrated strong concordance between calculated and measured doses, with deviations averaging 0.85% and remaining well within the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU) tolerance of ±5%. Specific setups, such as wedge and asymmetric fields, showed deviations below ±1%, highlighting the robustness of THERPLAN in handling complex geometries. Comparisons with published benchmarks further validated the accuracy of the TPS in dose calculation.</p> <p>These findings underscore the reliability of THERPLAN TPS for routine clinical use in radiotherapy. The study emphasizes the importance of regular quality assurance and independent dose verification systems to ensure consistent treatment accuracy and patient safety.</p> Kaduga Altwieb, Farag Almasrub Copyright (c) 2025 https://aaasjournals.com/index.php/ajapas/article/view/1135 Mon, 10 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0000 Nutritional Status among pediatric Age Group with Chronic Renal Failure undergoing Hemodialysis https://aaasjournals.com/index.php/ajapas/article/view/1136 <p><strong>Background</strong>: Recently, food poisoning has become a growing public health problem worldwide, in both developed and developing countries. In developing countries, poor knowledge about food handling, safety, and hygiene may cause food-borne diseases.</p> <p><strong>Objective</strong>: to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) of food safety awareness among the public Libyan population.</p> <p><strong>Material and methods</strong>:&nbsp; A cross-sectional study was conducted on a random sample of hundred adult (male&amp; symptoms of food poisoning (p value = 0.020female) from the public in Tripoli. The study period was from September 2022 to Nov 2023. The study was carried out using a face-to-face questionnaire in Arabic The questionnaire consisted of two parts: personal information, knowledge, attitude &amp; Practice of food safety. The data analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), Version 24.0. Descriptive statistics were conducted to determine the means, percentages, standard deviations, and frequencies. chi-square test (X2) was used to determine the association of knowledge and practices with demographics.</p> <p><strong>The Results</strong>: Our study found that the subjects were between the ages of 18-35 years (65.0%). Most respondents were males (75%). 43.0% of participants had a university degree, which is the majority.&nbsp; Out of 100 participants, 75 percent had great awareness of food poisoning, and 43% of them felt abdominal cramps, which are indications of food poisoning. The majority of respondents had medium income levels, with their percentage being 69.0%. However, there was a significant difference in knowledge, attitude, and practice about food poisoning (p values = 0.003, 0.004, 0.041, and 0.048, respectively), as well as a substantial correlation between educational level and understanding of the symptoms of food poisoning (p value = 0.020).</p> Sarra Abumaeza, Aisha Alharari, Hawa Abumaeza Copyright (c) 2025 https://aaasjournals.com/index.php/ajapas/article/view/1136 Mon, 10 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0000 Impacts of Renewable Energy Sources and Artificial Intelligence on Grid Reliability and Cost: A Case Study of Libya https://aaasjournals.com/index.php/ajapas/article/view/1145 <p>Libya with its abundant solar and wind resources, stands at the forefront of renewable energy potential in North Africa. However, integrating these intermittent energy sources into the grid poses significant challenges, particularly regarding reliability and cost. This manuscript explores the dual role of renewable energy and artificial intelligence (AI) in addressing these challenges, focusing on Libya's unique climatology. The study evaluates the technical, economic, and environmental impacts of renewable energy integration, supported by AI-driven solutions, and provides actionable recommendations for Libya's energy transition.</p> Suleiman Abdulagadir M. Edreis, Mostafa Abubakar Mohmed Kaud, Abdussalam Mohamed Ali Altaher, Aimn Azoumi Mohammed, Massoud Ali Abdalhadi Copyright (c) 2025 https://aaasjournals.com/index.php/ajapas/article/view/1145 Thu, 13 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0000 Incidence, Management Practices, and Training Needs for Gingival Accidents Among Dental Professionals: A Survey-Based Study https://aaasjournals.com/index.php/ajapas/article/view/1146 <p><strong>Background:</strong> Gingival accidents, including chemical burns and mechanical trauma, are prevalent incidents in dental practice that can significantly impact patient care. Despite the common occurrence of these accidents, there is a notable gap in training among dental professionals regarding their management. This study aimed to assess the incidence of gingival accidents, the management practices employed, and the training needs of dental practitioners.</p> <p><strong>Materials and Methods:</strong> A total of 313 dental professionals from Libya, including general dentists, dental hygienists, and dental specialists, participated in a survey designed to collect demographic information, the incidence of gingival accidents, management strategies employed, and awareness of protective measures. Statistical analyses were performed to determine the relationships between demographic factors and reported practices.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> The study found that 70% of respondents encountered gingival accidents in their clinical practice. Chemical burns constituted 55% of reported incidents, while 35% were attributed to mechanical trauma. Immediate management strategies included washing the affected area with water (60%) and applying Vitamin E (30%). However, only 35% of respondents reported receiving formal training in managing gingival accidents, and 85% of those without training expressed a desire for further education. Additionally, only 45% of practitioners routinely employed protective measures.</p> Karima Alfitory Ahmed, Rasha Ibrahim, Ghada Gehani Copyright (c) 2025 https://aaasjournals.com/index.php/ajapas/article/view/1146 Sat, 15 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0000 Breathing in the larval and adult stages: an analytical study of breathing changes with age https://aaasjournals.com/index.php/ajapas/article/view/1148 <p>Normal respiration processes in amphibians change remarkably as tadpoles transform into adult creatures. Multiple factors that affect frog respiratory adaptations will be studied during this investigation. The respiration system of tadpole's functions through gills before the transformation into adult frogs which uses pulmonary and cutaneous methods. The research makes use of spirometry together with histological analysis and environmental monitoring to determine differences in how tadpoles and adult frogs breathe and the efficiency of their oxygen absorption. Tadpoles experience rapid respiration along with high oxygen consumption levels yet adult frogs perform better oxygen uptake through their lungs and skin since they need to survive on land. The respiratory efficiency of frogs is heavily influenced by environmental conditions of temperature and humidity which in turn affect their developmental transition. The research results demonstrate amphibian respiration adapts chronically while establishing developmental and environmental influences which optimize oxygen intake. The current study enhances amphibian scientific knowledge about physiology while revealing strategies that enable their ecological and evolutionary natural history.</p> Najiyah S. Husayn, Randah A. Ahmed Copyright (c) 2025 https://aaasjournals.com/index.php/ajapas/article/view/1148 Sat, 15 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0000 Enhanced E-learning through Neural Network Based Cloud Data Extraction https://aaasjournals.com/index.php/ajapas/article/view/1149 <p>In light of the aspiration to achieve sustainability in the field of education, especially after the development of artificial intelligence technologies in general and artificial neural network technologies in particular, the process of improving e-learning has become one of the most important strategies for achieving sustainability. This study aims to evaluate the impact of using artificial intelligence techniques and artificial neural networks on improving cloud e-learning by extracting and mining data from the electronic cloud and analyzing it to provide a more efficient and effective educational experience. Through several methodologies, including descriptive methodology to describe the factors influencing the improvement of machine learning through the use of artificial intelligence techniques and the mechanism for using these techniques, quantitative methodology was used in collecting data and analytical scientific methodology to analyze the results of the proposed model, which is a hybrid of convolutional artificial neural networks (CNN) and recursive neural networks (RNN). Through the model, it is possible to extract and analyze user data such as interaction with content and duration of study to extract patterns and behaviors that support improving the learning experience, and personalizing individual learning paths. Predicting the academic performance of students using machine learning techniques. The results showed an improvement in the learning experience of 86% and an improvement in platform performance of 85%. Machine learning indicators, such as accuracy (94%), recall (93%) and f1 score (91%), also indicated the success of the model used in improving.</p> Abubaker Mossbah Alfurjani, Ibrahim Saleh Mansour Copyright (c) 2025 https://aaasjournals.com/index.php/ajapas/article/view/1149 Tue, 18 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0000