Nicotine exposure and its role in delaying the formation of long bones during embryonic development

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to figure out the effects of nicotine on embryonic development. Various abnormalities in skeletal bone formation and general morphology, were assessed using domestic chick Galls Galls embryos. The fertilized eggs were sterilized with 70% ethanol and then nicotine solutions at concentrations of 0.1, and 0.5 mg/ml were injected in the eggs on day zero before being placed in an incubator set at a temperature between 37.5 and 38 C^o. embryos were collected at specific developmental stage HH36 (Day 10). The examination of morphological changes in the embryos was conducted under a dissecting microscope, while defects in bone ossification were identified through the application of alizarin red stain. Consequently, this research will highlight that maternal exposure to nicotine during the early phases of embryonic development could potentially lead to a delay in bone ossification, resulting in reduced sizes of both long and flat bones.