Determination of some heavy metals in Globularia alypum L.: Safety assessment of a traditional medicinal plant

Abstract

This study investigates the concentrations of selected heavy metals (Pb, Cr, Ni, and Cd) in Globularia alypum L., a medicinal plant traditionally consumed as a hot decoction, and evaluates the associated human health risks. Plant samples were prepared using two methods: a traditional boiled extract and an acid-digestion procedure following EPA Method 3050B. Metal concentrations were quantified using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (FAAS). Results showed that metal levels in the acid digest exceeded those in the boiled extract, with extraction efficiencies ranging from 51.1% to 60%, indicating partial release of metals during decoction. The concentration trend in both preparations was Cr > Ni > Pb > Cd.

Based on a daily consumption of 10 g of the herbal preparation and a 60-kg adult body weight, the Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) values for all metals were below their respective oral reference doses (RfDs). Hazard Quotients (HQ) for Pb, Cr, Ni, and Cd were all <1, and the calculated Hazard Index (HI) was 0.2049, indicating that combined non-carcinogenic risks are unlikely.

Overall, the findings demonstrate that the traditional consumption of Globularia alypum L. does not pose significant non-carcinogenic health risks related to heavy metal exposure. This supports the safe use of the plant in traditional medicinal practices.